Measurements of angular distributions of K-shell electrons photoejected from molecular nitrogen are reported which reveal large deviations at relatively low photon energies (Planck's omega < or = 500 eV) from emission patterns anticipated from the dipole approximation to interactions between radiation and matter. A concomitant theoretical analysis incorporating the effects of electromagnetic retardation attributes the observed large nondipole behaviors in N2 to bond-length-dependent terms in the E1 [multiply sign in circle] (E2,M1) photoelectron emission amplitudes which are indicative of a potentially universal nondipole behavior in molecular photoionization.

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A combined experimental and theoretical study of argon valence photoionization illustrates the discovery of the broad lack of validity of the independent-particle approximation ͑IPA͒ for x-ray photoemission. In addition to previously known breakdowns of the IPA, which are limited to high photon energies and regions very near threshold, the observed breakdown in photoionization at intermediate energies demonstrates generally that the IPA is valid only in very restricted domains. These restrictions are expected to be relevant throughout the periodic table, with consequences for a wide variety of applications. ͓S1050-2947͑99͒50810-X͔

We describe the experimental setup at Centro Atómico Bariloche for the measurement of doubly differential electron distributions, in energy and angle of emission, induced by atomic collisions. We present detailed information about the performance of the equipment including a discussion of instrumental effects that could have affected the measured spectra.