The chromogenic substrate S-2251 (H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA), a selective and sensitive substrate for plasmin activity, has made it possible to develop simple and reproducible methods for the determination of antiplasmin and plasminogen in human plasma. These methods have been optimized and studied in detail and found to be very specific for the respective factors.

A chromogenic peptide substrate H-D-Val-Leu-Arg-pNA (S-2266) has been used for the determination of glandular kallikrein derived from pancreas, urine and saliva. The conditions used have been optimized. The methods developed are simple and shown to have good reproducibility.

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New chromogenic tripeptide substrates have been used for the determination of kallikreins and urokinase. The conditions have been optimized. It is possible to determine prekallikrein in plasma after activation with Cephotest®. No significant loss in activity caused by plasma kallikrein inhibitors is observed at the dilutions used.

This study was designed to provide information on the kinetics of FXIIa activity and C3d release during haemodialysis. Dialysis was performed twice in 9 stable patient for 240 min with the same conditions except for a change in dialysate sodium profile (using a linear sodium programme starting at 138 and ending at 148 mmol/l or vice versa). Using paired statistics there was a significant (p < 0.02) increase in both C3d release and the FXIIa activity. The sodium profiles did not alter the outcome. The increase in FXIIa activity, which is maximal at the end of dialysis, is continuous, unlike the C3d release, which is maximal within 15 min of dialysis and then levels off. Both interactions are induced by the blood membrane contact. These results indicate that the FXIIa activation is not strictly coupled to the activation of the complement system.