Abstract. Bacteriophages are powerful ecosystem engineers. They drive bacterial mortality rates and genetic diversity, and affect microbially mediated biogeochemical processes on a global scale. This has been demonstrated in marine environments; however, phage communities have been less studied in freshwaters, despite representing a potentially more diverse environment. Lake Michigan is one of the largest bodies of freshwater on the planet, yet to date the diversity of its phages has yet to be examined. Here, we present a composite survey of viral ecology in the nearshore waters of Lake Michigan. Sequence analysis was performed using a web server previously used to analyse similar data. Our results revealed a diverse community of DNA phages, largely comprising the order Caudovirales. Within the scope of the current study, the Lake Michigan virome demonstrates a distinct community. Although several phages appeared to hold dominance, further examination highlighted the importance of interrogating metagenomic data at the genome level. We present our study as baseline information for further examination of the ecology of the lake. In the current study we discuss our results and highlight issues of data analysis which may be important for freshwater studies particularly, in light of the complexities associated with examining phage ecology generally.

Gulf Stream-induced upwelling at the shelf break of the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) presents water which, in summer, can intrude onto the continental shelf. In July 1979, an XBT survey of the continental shelf revealed such an intrusion of cold water off St. Augustine, Florida.From weekly mappings, it was determined that Gulf Stream water <22.5°C covered 3280 km 2 and occupied 38 km 3 shoreward of the 42 m isobath. Using temperature and nitrate distributions and the PC:N0 3 relationship, we determined that 3200 metric tons of nitrate-nitrogen were advected into the study area. Net nitrate-nitrogen fluxes were 32~moles . m-2 • sec-1 across the 42 m isobath and 30~moles . m-2 • sec-I across the 30 m isobath.The advection of nitrate-enriched water into the photic zone caused a dramatic increase in phytoplankton biomass. The decreasing nitrate concentrations correlated with chlorophyll increases indicating phytoplankton production was mainly at the expense of nitrate advected into the area. Prior to the intrusion, production was likely supported by regenerated nutrients.Summertime intrusions supply an estimated 2.9 x 10 4 mtons NOr N . yr-I to the middle shelf area of the southern SAB and are thus a major source of nitrogen to that area.

Background: Commercially available recombinant factor VIIa (Novoseven) is widely used in the management of hemophilia patients with inhibitors. Recently several generic versions of recombinant VIIa (rFVIIa) have become available. The generic versions of rFVIIa are claimed to be biosimilar to the barnded Novoseven (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark). The purpose of this study is to compare the US and European Novoseven products with a generic version of rFVIIa namely, Aryoseven (Aryogen, Tehran, Iran). Methods: Four commercially available random lots of Novoseven were obtained from the US and European sources. Four different batches of Aryoseven were obtained from Aryogen. All individual rFVIIa preparations were diluted to obtain working concentrations of 100, 10, 1 and 0.1 ug/ml. Protein content (Lowry's method), molecular profile using surface enhanced laser desorption ionization (SELDI), gel electrophoretic profile (GEP), factor VII related antigen level (FVII:Ag), factor VII correction studies in depleted plasma and thrombin generation (TG) studies were carried out. In addition, VIIa/tissue factor mediated thrombin generation studies were carried out in various prothrombin complex concentrates such as Beriplex and Prothromplex. Results: The protein content and SELDI mass spectrophotometric profile of all 4 rFVIIa preparations were comparable. There was no differences in the Novoseven obtained from the US and European sources. The GEP of the two groups of agents showed a comparable profile with distinct peaks at 50 KDa and 25 KDa. The FVII related antigen levels were also comparable in the Novoseven and Aryoseven preparations. Supplementation of both the Novoseven and Aryoseven preparations at 10 and 100 ug/ml resulted in a comparable correction of the factor VII deficient plasma as measured by PT(INR). Thrombin generation was comparable in the branded and generic product. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the US and European Aryoseven are comparable. Four batches of Novoseven and 4 individual clinical batches of Aryoseven were found to be comparable. When the US purchased Novoseven preparation was compared with the European Novoseven product, no differences were noted. Thus, the generic Aryoseven is biosimilar to barnded Novoseven and warrant in vivo validation studies. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.