Abstract-It is shown that, when angular-momentum losses of a radio pulsar are represented as a sum of magnetic-dipole and current losses, the angle between the magnetic moment and rotation axis of the radio pulsar tends to some equilibrium value (near 45• ). This process takes place on a timescale of the order of the pulsar's characteristic age. Taking into account the non-dipolarity of the pulsar's magnetic field changes this equilibrium angle.PACS numbers: 97.60.Gb

Abstract-The effect of the radius of the tube of open magnetic-field lines on the gamma-ray curvature radiation from the polar regions of a radio pulsar with a non-dipolar magnetic field is analyzed. The pulsar is considered in a polar-cap model with free electron emission from the neutron-star surface. The effect of the non-dipolar magnetic field on the radius of curvature of the field lines and the field intensity is taken into account. In connection with the creation of electron-positron pairs, we take into account only the birth of pairs by curvature radiation in the magnetic field. The small non-dipolarity of the field enables the radio pulsar not to turn off, even after a considerable decrease in the pulsar-tube radius. For instance, with a 20% non-dipolarity (ν = 0.2), a pulsar with B = 10 13 G and P = 0.5 s can still operate even for a fivefold decrease in the pulsar-tube radius. A maximum is observed in the dependence of the electrostatic potential in the diode on the non-dipolarity parameter ν at ν ∼ 0.5−0.7. The pulse profile in non-thermal X-ray emission for ν ∼ 0.5−0.7 may look virtually the same as for ν ∼ 0.1−0.2. Decreases in the pulsartube radius could be due to a structure of currents in the magnetosphere that results in the pulsar diode on the neutron-star surface occupying only a small fraction of the pulsar tube, with the remainder of the tube containing an outer annular gap. The pulsar-tube size is also affected by the presence of a circum-pulsar disk. A change in the pulsar-tube radius could also be due to an external magnetic field, associated with either a magnetic white dwarf or a circum-pulsar disk.PACS numbers: 97.60.Gb