HighlightsHigh prevalence for Haemonchus and Eimeria spp.Site, season, sex and age significantly influenced gastrointestinal infections.Highest level of infections in the wet season, in males and in young animals.Parasite species composition and risk factors also varied by area.

HighlightsResistance to anthelmintics in small ruminants is documented worldwide.Genetic resistance in GIN have been studied in experimental and commercial flocks.Limited in low-input low-output farming systems.Nematode eradication has evolved to manipulation of host-parasite equilibrium.Selection for resistant hosts can be considered a sustainable control strategy.

Goats have a key role in ensuring food security and economic livelihood to smallholder farmers in rural areas. Women play a vital role in goat rearing, promoting economic autonomy within households. Indigenous goats dominate and are of high significance due to their adaptive traits that are relevant for climate change and low maintenance. However, lack of emphasis on farmer-centered technology development and proper breed characterization remains a hitch to sustainable utilization and breed development of indigenous goats. This can be over come through proper linkage between market and production, workable regional and national agricultural policies, community breeding programs, collaborative research work within the region, and consistent government support.