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Introduction.Definition of terms. The nutrient-uptake estimates calculated. The nature and validity of the original data. How the estimates were calculated. The validity of the estimates. The silvicultural significance of the mean estimates. Further aspects of the estimates, causes of variability and comparison with agriculture. The nutrient-uptakes in relation to nutrient-poor soils. Conclusions. Acknowledgements. Literature cited. ABSTRACTThe extremely low nutrient-status of various recently afforested moor soils, particularly Yorkshire (England) Calluna soils, raised the question of their ability to provide the possible nutrient-demands of continuous forest growth. This paper describes how, for calcium, potassium and phosphorus, uptake estimates have been calculated from existing nutrient-composition data, and discusses the silvicultural significance of such estimates, particularly in relation to nutrient-poor soils.All existing nutrient-composition data for whole individual mature temperate forest trees are summarized: using yield-data and a method of calculation critically discussed, they are made to provide nutrient-uptake estimates for one acre of such forest after periods of 50 and 100 years' growth. Mean estimates representing "hard~vood," "other conifer" and "pine" forest are then calculated showing : --the nutrients removed from the site via the various components of the timber-thinnings and clear-fellings, the --4 9 -- Plant and Soii VII PETER J. RENNIEnutrients taken up and immobilized within the various component organs of the growing forest, and the total nutrient-uptake from the site. The estimates show that timber exploited forest, by reason of its unavoidable continuous nutrient-removal from the site, differs fundamentally from unexploited virgin forest; in absolute terms this removal may be small, but its pedologicaI and silvicultural importance upon any particular site, depends entirely upor~ the ability of the soil to replenish this loss. It is believed that up to now the failure to recognize this nutrient-removal upon nutrient-poor soils has diverted attention from an important factor initiating both soil-degradation and diminishing site-productivity.Soil nutrient-data presented show that the nutrient-uptakes of timberproducing forest of either coniferous or hardwood species are so large compared with the nutrient-contents of moor soils that further overall soil-degradation and, sooner or later, diminished site-productivity are inevitable.Upon such soils, therefore, continuous timber production cannot be sustained by ploughing or by the growth of hardwoods alone; new silvicultural techniques are needed which can restore to the site, by means of suitable soil-ameliorants and methods yet to be evolved, the nutrients continually being removed via the timber.The paucity of knowledge concerning both the nutrient-demands of common tree species and the nutrient-status of the nutrient-poor soils upon which they are being extensively planted calls for an expansion of research upon these aspects if ti...

The axillary microflora of 34 male subjects were studied in relation to their underarm odour intensity. The predominant groups of micro-organisms were aerobic coryneforms, Micrococcaceae and propionibacteria. There was no competition for habitat between these groups (Fisher's exact test P greater than 0.05). There was an association between the population density of aerobic coryneforms and the intensity of odour (Spearman, P = 0.001). Dominance of aerobic coryneforms within the axillary microflora was associated with high odour intensity (chi 2, P = 0.005). An in-vitro odour model was developed using a diethyl ether extract of axillary skin incubated with test bacteria. Underarm odour was produced exclusively by aerobic coryneform bacteria. Of aerobic coryneforms, 71.4% were odour producers and these were identified as Corynebacterium xerosis.

Synopsis We have examined the relationship between human axillary skin microflora and underarm odour (UAO), in particular, the ability of cutaneous bacteria to transform steroids. A study was made of bacterial population density and odour intensity of the axillae of 34 normal male subjects. There was a statistically significant association between population density of aerobic coryneform bacteria and UAO intensity. No associations could be found between population densities of staphylococci, micrococci or propionibacteria and UAO intensity. An in vitro model for formation of UAO was developed, and used to test individual bacterial isolates. Only aerobic coryneforms could produce axillary odour in vitro, most notably C. xerosis. Many aerobic coryneforms could transform testosterone, the principal metabolites being 5alpha- and 5beta-DHT, androstenedione, and 5alpha- and 5beta-androstanedione. UAO positive coryneforms were more metabolically active than UAO negative bacteria. Micrococci also transformed testosterone to androstenedione, whilst staphylococci and propionibacteria could not metabolize it. A hypothesis for the role of aerobic coryneforms in the formation of human axillary odour is discussed.