Mentha piperita L. (Peppermint) is a perennial glabrous and strongly scented herb belonging to family Lamiaceae. The plant is aromatic, stimulant and used for allaying nausea, headache and vomiting. Its oil is one of the most popular widely used essential oils in food products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, dental preparations, mouthwashes, soaps and alcoholic liquors. The antibacterial potential of six extracts from leaf, stem and root of Mentha piperita against pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumonia were evaluated by agar well diffusion method. The organic (ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane and petroleum ether) extracts of the leaves were found to possess strong antibacterial activity against a range of pathogenic bacteria. The ethyl acetate leaf extract of Mentha piperita showed pronounced inhibition than chloroform, petroleum ether and hexane. The leaf extract activity being more on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris than Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumonia and Klebsiella pneumonia. In the present study, we also evaluated the phytochemical analysis for the presence of various secondary metabolites. The analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and phenols.

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The Adrenomedullin peptide hormone has a potent vasorelaxant activity. This novel peptide has shown to be almost a ubiquitous peptide, with the number of tissues and cell types synthesizing adrenomedullin. The pattern of ADM level and gene expression of ADM, its receptor components from early pregnancy has been studied in our present work. In our previous papers we have studied whether antagonism of endogenous adrenomedullin in rats during early gestation period emanated in diminished uterus and implantation growth and found whether this causes through induction of apoptosis.Rats on gestational day 2 were implanted subcutaneously with osmotic (Alzet) minipumps delivering 125 and 250µg rat/ day/ of AM 22-52 and were killed on gestational day 9. This review summarizes a clear cut view of Adrenomedullin receptor and significance of ADM in circulation during gestation period.

Background: The radical increase in the number of couples experiencing infertility, which is the inability to conceive in a natural manner, has increased the interest among the researchers worldwide to identify the root cause for this problem. Relevant studies are needed to ascertain the cause behind unexplained infertility, and certain interventions are needed in the process of assisted reproductive technology to improve the implantation success. The presence of certain pathogenic flora in the cervix and vaginal region are often attributed to the failure of In-vitro fertilization (IVF), which is a method of assisted reproduction. This study explored the cervix and vaginal microbiota of 52 such infertile females who underwent assisted reproduction (IVF), to analyse the microbiota, identify pathogenic flora and evaluate the diversity of the flora.Methods: 52 microbial swab samples of infertile females were sequenced using 16s rRNA approach. 16s rRNA data analysis was performed to get the taxonomic abundance and pathogenicity of the resultant microbiota. The microbial communities were statistically assessed for probable similarities and differences between positive, negative and not applicable outcomes of IVF.Results: A total of 31 genera were identified across the study samples, and a thorough investigation of associated pathogenicity of these taxa was performed. Certain pathogenic genera specific to positive as well as negative implantation were observed. Additionally, the alpha diversity was observed to be higher in the cervical region compared to the vaginal region. Rarefaction analysis was performed. The analysis of beta diversity was performed and the phylogenetic distance was visualized through distance boxplots. Conclusion: The presence of pathogenic bacteria, especially those associated with conditions like Bacterial Vaginosis and Chronic Endometritis, are often linked to infertility conditions and were predominant in the cervical and vaginal samples. Dysbiosis in the cervical and vaginal region is often attributed to decrease in Lactobacillus spp. and increase in other species, leading to difference in functionalities and growth of pathogens. In this study, the presence of pathogenic organisms in both regions was remarkable. Additionally, large bacterial diversity in cervical regions was observed, which might be a possible reason for implantation failure. Further studies on the mechanism of action of these bacteria is needed; the possible sources of contamination, such as the tip of the catheter during embryo transfer, the DNA extraction kits prior to sequencing, etc. need to be identified as this might introduce pathogens during the procedure. By using more sterility in the procedure as well as profiling the metagenome of the infertile female, novel insights can be gained as well as a more directed procedure can be performed to increase the chances of success in implantation.