Studies on the production of bioethanol from red algae (Gelidiella acerosa) by dilute acid pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation were performed. The non-cellulosic compounds were significantly reduced during dilute acid pretreatment. Results obtained in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation showed that the ethanol yield was affected by the changes in pretreatment, liquid to solid ratio, enzyme concentration, and pH. Kinetic study was also performed with experimental value to analyze the production rate and their actual means of production process. The maximum 91.62% of theoretical yield of ethanol was obtained at 36 h of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation under optimized conditions.

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India is one of the foremost agricultural producers in the world; on the other hand, the consumption of water for agricultural purposes in India has been among the highest in the world. Indiscriminate use of inadequate irrigation techniques has led to a critical water deficit in the country. Now with the development of Internet of Things (IoT) Precision Farming and Precision Irrigation are becoming very popular. This paper proposes a cost-effective Automated Irrigation System based on LoRa and Machine Learning, which can be of great help to marginal farmers, for whom agriculture is hardly a profitable venture, mainly due to water scarcity. In this automated system, LoRa technology is used in Sensor and Irrigation node, in which sensors collect data on soil moisture and temperature and send it to the server through a LoRa gateway. Then the data is fed into a Machine Learning algorithm, which leads to correct prediction of the soil status. Hence, the field needs to be irrigated only if and when it is needed. The system can be remotely monitored using a web application that can be accessed by a mobile phone.

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Five different types of bacteria were isolated from Municipal Solid Waste and identified as Neisseria subflava, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium kutscheri, Bacillus pasteurii and Aeromonas species. Of these five different types, Neisseria subflava and Staphylococcus aureus were capable of growing on propoxur containing media. These two bacteria were grown on synthetic broth containing 100 and 200 ppm of propoxur respectively for 12 days. Residual phenol produced as a metabolite was estimated every 24 hours by colorimetry using 4 -aminoantipyrine method. Degradation pattern showed that, Neisseria subflava and Staphylococcus aureus degraded propoxur into residual phenol and basic compounds. Neisseria subflava showed constant increase in degradation of propoxur over the time after 144hrs of exposure to propoxur at 100 and 200 ppm. Nevertheless, degradation of 200 ppm propoxur was comparatively less than that of 100 ppm propoxur by Neisseria subflava. Staphylococcus aureus showed zigzag pattern of degradation indicating that for every 24 or 48 hrs of degradation of propoxur, there was decrease in growth rate indicating that the metabolite of propoxur was inhibiting the growth and then there was recovery once again leading to increased growth rate for another 24 hrs.