Cadmium The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated cadmium and its inorganic compounds in 2010. The former BLW is withdrawn and Biological reference values (BAR) are established for cadmium in blood and urine. Available publications are described in detail.Studies of occupationally exposed persons show that tubular proteinuria can lead to glomerular damage and a reduced glomerular filtration rate, even after relatively low exposure levels of 4 μg cadmium/g creatinine (Järup et al. 1995). Moreover, studies of environmental exposure indicate that reduced glomerular filtration rates can occur at low cadmium concentrations similar to those at which tubular damage has been observed (Akesson et al. 2005; Suwazono et al. 2006). In a large study, the authors concluded that the probability of unusually high values for RBP, NAG, β2M, amino acids and calcium is 10% at cadmium concentrations of around 1–2 μg/g creatinine (Buchet et al. 1990). Considering the early tubular effects, the long half‐life of more than 10 years and the accumulation of cadmium comparable to a permanent body burden and irreversibility, the former BLW of 7 μg cadmium/l urine is withdrawn.Using the database of the environmental survey from 1990/92 (Becker et al. 2002 b; Krause et al. 1996) and 1998 (Becker et al. 2002 a, b) the Human Biomonitoring Commission established a reference value for cadmium of 1.0 μg/l blood for adults (non‐smokers, now 18–69 years old) (UBA 2003; Wilhelm et al. 2004). On this basis a BAR has been set for the non‐smoking population of 1 μg cadmium/l blood for adults. The sampling time is not fixed.On the basis of the environmental survey from 1998 (Becker et al. 2002 and 2003) a BAR of 0.8 μg cadmium/l urine* for adults was established. The sampling time is not fixed.Cadmium concentrations in the blood and urine of smokers are higher than in non‐smokers.
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Veröffentlicht in der Reihe Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR) , 17. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2012 Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel: Metabolismus und Toxikokinetik Aufnahme und Verteilung Metabolismus KritischeToxizität Belastung und Beanspruchung Beziehung zwischen äußerer und innerer Belastung Beziehung zwischen innerer Belastung und Beanspruchung Auswahl der Indikatoren Untersuchungsmethoden Hintergrundbelastung Evaluierung der BAR Interpretation
Veröffentlicht in der Reihe Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR) , 20. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2013 Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel: Metabolismus und Toxikokinetik Kritische Toxizität Belastung und Beanspruchung Beziehung zwischen äußerer und innerer Belastung Beziehung zwischen innerer Belastung und Beanspruchung Auswahl der Indikatoren Untersuchungsmethoden Hintergrundbelastung Evaluierung
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