Articles you may be interested inJet atomization and cavitation induced by interactions between focused ultrasound and a water surfacea) Phys. Fluids 26, 097105 (2014); 10.1063/1.4895902In situ x-ray diffraction measurements of the capillary fountain jet produced via ultrasonic atomization A mechanistic study of two-fluid atomization has been carried out using a new spray technique called ultrasound-modulated two-fluid ͑UMTF͒ atomization. This technique is based on resonance between the liquid capillary waves generated by ultrasound and those generated by high-velocity air. Specifically, capillary waves are established on the surface of a liquid jet as it issues from a coaxial two-fluid atomizer, the nozzle tip of which vibrates at the same frequency as the ultrasound while the frequency of the capillary waves is only half of the ultrasound frequency. As these capillary waves travel downstream in the direction of air flow, their amplitude is further amplified by the air flowing around them. Atomization occurs when the wave amplitude becomes too great to maintain wave stability; the resulting drop sizes are proportional to the wavelength of the resonant capillary waves which is determined by the harmonic frequency of the ultrasound in accordance with the Kelvin equation. Theoretical calculations of the amplitude growth rate are based on two models of temporal instability of wind-generated capillary waves: Taylor's dispersion relation and Jeffreys' one-parameter ͑sheltering factor͒ model. Good agreements between the theoretical predictions by these models and the experimental results of how drop-size and size distributions are influenced by air velocity and surface tension led to the conclusion that Taylor-mode breakup of capillary waves plays a very important role in two-fluid atomization. Furthermore, all peak drop diameters can be accounted for by the harmonic frequencies of the ultrasound. Hence, it is further concluded that secondary atomization is negligible in co-flow two-fluid atomization of a water jet at air velocities up to 170 m/s and air-to-water mass ratio up to 5.6. In addition, uniform drops with diameters predetermined by the ultrasound frequency can be accomplished by adjusting the air velocity.

Articles you may be interested inJet atomization and cavitation induced by interactions between focused ultrasound and a water surfacea) Phys. Fluids 26, 097105 (2014); 10.1063/1.4895902 Atomization patterns produced by the oblique collision of two Newtonian liquid jets Phys. Fluids 22, 042101 (2010); 10.1063/1.3373513Voltage effects on the volumetric flow rate in cone-jet mode electrosprayingWe recently reported a new spray technique called ultrasound-modulated two-fluid ͑UMTF͒ atomization and the pertinent ''resonant liquid capillary wave ͑RLCW͒ theory'' based on linear models of Taylor-mode breakup of capillary waves. In this article, flow visualizations of liquid jets near the nozzle tip are presented to verify the central assumption of the RLCW theory that the resonant liquid capillary wave in UMTF atomization is initiated by the ultrasound at the nozzle tip. Specifically, a bright band beneath the nozzle tip was seen in ultrasonic and UMTF atomization separately, but not in two-fluid atomization. The bright band can be attributed to scattering of laser light sheet by the capillary waves generated by the ultrasound on the intact liquid jet. As the capillary wave travels downstream in the direction of airflow, it is amplified by the air blowing around it and eventually collapsed into drops. Therefore, the jet breakup time can be determined by dividing the measured band length with the capillary wave velocity. The breakup times thus determined for water and glycerol/water jets are twice the values predicted by the modified Taylor's model with a sheltering parameter, and are one order of magnitude shorter than those in conventional two-fluid atomization. Furthermore, the images of the spray in the proximity of the nozzle tip obtained by 30 ns laser pulses are consistent with the drop sizes obtained 2.3-6 cm downstream from the nozzle tip by 13 s time average of continuous laser light. Also reported in this article is the good agreement between the measured viscosity effects on the drop-size and size distribution in UMTF atomization and those on the relative amplitude growth rates of capillary waves at different wavelengths predicted by Taylor's model as a result of its inclusion of higher order terms other than the first in viscosity. These new findings have led to the conclusion that UMTF atomization occurs via Taylor-mode breakup of capillary waves; secondary atomization and drop coalescence are negligible. Further, UMTF atomization offers a means to control the drop-size and size distribution of two-fluid atomization for uniform drop formation.

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A new spray technique, called ultrasound-modulated two-fluid (UMTF) atomization

A resonant liquid capillary wave theory which extends Taylor's dispersion relation to include the sheltering effect of liquid surface inclination caused by air flow is presented. The resulting dispersion curves are compared to new experimental results of how drop-size and size distributions vary with surface tension and air velocity in both airblast and ultrasound-modulated twin-fluid atomization of liquids with a constant kinematic viscosity of 2 cSt. Good agreements between the theoretical predictions of relative growth rates of the capillary waves and the experimental results of drop-size and size distributions led to the conclusion that Taylor-mode breakup of capillary waves plays a very important role in twin-fluid (airblast) atomization of a liquid jet. Thus, the ultrasound-modulated twin-fluid atomization not only verifies the capillary wave mechanism but also provides a means for controlling the drop-size and size distributions in twin-fluid atomization, which has a variety of applications in fuel combustion, spray drying, and spray coating.