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Sergey Bryukhonenko was a prominent Soviet physician-scientist who from 1922 to 1924 developed a methodology for perfusing a canine head and keeping it alive using the first extracorporeal life support device he created called "Autojector." From 1926 to 1927, in collaboration with surgeon Nikolay Terebinsky, he performed a series of perfusion experiments of the entire canine body using a more advanced model of Autojector. Subsequently, Bryukhonenko concluded the possibility of extending this methodology to heart surgery. Although Bryukhonenko never applied his device in clinical practice, Terebinsky used the concept from 1929 to 1940 on open heart experiments. Although he never received sufficient acknowledgement for his pioneering work, it must be recognized that Bryukhonenko, along with Terebinsky, laid the groundwork for developing cardiac surgery in the Soviet Union.

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BACKGROUND The activities of the Hospice House established by Count N.P. Sheremetev and opened on June 28, 1810, pursued a noble goal to help the suffering, sick and low-income people. However, this intention alone was not enough, and N.P. Sheremetev took care to really ensure the stable work of the Hospice House, providing for both its publicity and reliable state protection.MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS Annual financial statements of the Hospice Board of Trustees for 1862–1866, 1868, 1871, 1872 and 1902 were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. To prepare the article, archival material was used, including 6 sources, as well as rare publications dated 1859–1927. Research methods: historical-genetic, comparative-historical, problem-chronological and systemic.RESULTS The analysis of the activities of the Sheremetev hospital for 1810–1909 showed that funds were enlarged regularly with increasing amounts from its budget for the treatment of patients, which number was maximum in 1865 (1,798 people), and the lowest in 1814 (127 people).The personnel of the Sheremetev Hospital took an active part in all major military operations with the participation of Russia (the creation of sanitary detachments to provide assistance to the wounded and sick in combat areas, as well as additional beds located on the territory of the hospital itself).The Sheremetev Hospital played an important role in higher medical education in Russia, becoming the clinical base of the Moscow Medical and Surgical Academy, and later of the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow University; many of its employees were teachers of these educational institutions. The high level of teaching was also ensured by equipping the hospital with modern medical devices and the active introduction of the latest medical achievements into its work.On the initiative of chief doctor A.T. Tarasenkov, a department for incoming patients was organized as an independent structure for the first time in Russia. It provided assistance to 175–200 patients per day. The department became the prototype of a comprehensive outpatient network that was subsequently created in our country.The high prestige of the hospital was brought by the activities of its main doctors and operators, tirelessly working to improve the organizational and medical aspects of the provision of qualified medical care.The final period of the hospital’s activity (1910–1923) until the October Revolution was characterized by the greatest volume of medical work, which subsequently decreased dramatically due to financial difficulties. Since 1919, the hospital functioned as a state institution, and also became the base for the revival of the ambulance service in Moscow.CONCLUSION A review of the activities of the Sheremetev Hospital indicates that the organization of emergency medical care for the population of Moscow, pedagogic work, participation in the treatment of the wounded patients, high surgical activity and versatility were the foundation on which its work was widely developed. It is no coincidence that this particular hospital was reorganized in 1923 into the N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Acute Care (since 1944 — N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine).Economic difficulties and political storms could not destroy what was created at the Sheremetev hospital and was the moral and material basis for the further 100 years of successful activity of the institute.

In 2022, we are approaching 125 years since the birth of Dmitry Alekseevich Arapov, a prominent domestic surgeon, scientist, experimenter, organizer of the military medical services. Dmitry A. Arapov, one of the most prominent representatives of the S.S. Yudin scientific school, worked at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine from 1929 till 1984. He quickly proved himself not only as an excellent doctor and a skilled surgeon, but also as a researcher, and soon became one of the closest students and associates of S.S. Yudin. Dmitry A. Arapov drafted as a field surgeon during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940, from the first to the last day he went through the Great Patriotic War, being the Head of the surgical service of the Northern Fleet in Polyarny. In this position, he significantly improved the system for providing emergency surgical care on ships and in naval hospitals, based on the experience gained over the years of work at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine. From July 1950 Dmitry A. Arapov was Chief Surgeon of the USSR Navy, from May 1953 he was Deputy Chief surgeon of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Defense, and from May 1955 again Chief Surgeon of the USSR Navy, until his retirement in October, 1968. At the same time, Dmitry A. Arapov did not leave his work at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine until the last days of his life. Dmitry A. Arapov is the author of more than 200 research papers, including 14 monographs. Scientific interests of Dmitry A. Arapov went far beyond emergency surgery, to which he naturally paid most attention. His works are devoted to various issues of military and emergency surgery of the abdominal and thoracic organs, topical issues of burn injuries, surgical site infections, reconstructive surgery, neurosurgery, treatment of endocrine disorders, and anesthesiology and resuscitation. Also Dmitry A. Arapov successfully dealt with the problems of autotransfusion, blood reinfusion from the chest and abdomen, transfusion of fibrinolytic blood. The main directions of scientific research, laid down by Dmitry A. Arapov, are currently being continued at the Scientific Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy and Intensive Care of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine. Memory of Dmitry A. Arapov has been preserved to this day. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of D.A. Arapov, a scientific conference was held at our Institute. The naval hospital in the town of Polyarny, Murmansk region, was named after Dmitry A. Arapov, and in honor of D.A. Arapov, a memorial plaque was installed on its building. In the 70s of the twentieth century, People’s Artist of the USSR L.E. Kerbel created a sculpture of Dmitry A. Arapov, which was stored in the local history museum of the town of Polyarny. His bust portrait (by artist T.S. Smagina) is exhibited at the Scientific Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy and Intensive Care of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine. In addition, the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine owns an earlier portrait of Dmitry A. Arapov by artist F.S. Bulgak. We introduce these portraits into scientific circulation for the first time. We are confident that they will be able to tell contemporaries a lot about this scientist, surgeon and man who made a great contribution to surgery and military medicine, and rightfully entered the history of Russian medicine.