Nigerian payment systems are cash-driven and it is the main mode of payments transactions. However, the Point of Sales (POS), which is meant to encourage cashless economy as against the cashcentered operations, is challenged with issues of availability of infrastructure and security. This study examined the availability of infrastructure and adoption of POS of selected SMEs in Lagos state, Nigeria. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. The population of the study consisted of selected SMEs who are users of POS in Lagos State estimated at 11,663 and sample size of 2,059 was adopted for the study. The respondents were selected from among the SMEs used for this study. A validated questionnaire from the sectors surveyed was used for the study. The sectors include: oil & gas, banking and insurance, and manufacturing. A total of 2,059 copies of the questionnaire were administered, with a response rate of 77.1%. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the constructs are 0.727 for adoption of POS, 0.799 for availability infrastructure and 0.758 for POS security. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential (Pearson Product Moment correlation) statistics. The findings revealed that there was a significant relationship between availability of infrastructure and Adoption of POS (r=0.407; p < 0.01) and similar relationship also existed between POS security and Adoption of POS (r = 0.437; p < 0.01). The study concluded that availability of infrastructure had significant and positive relationship with adoption of POS of selected business organisations who are SMEs in Lagos State, Nigeria. Thus recommended that there is need to ensure the adequate infrastructural availability by various stakeholders to adopt POS and assure of security of data transactions and reports generated using the device by the selected organizations in Lagos state, Nigeria.

The electricity industry in Nigeria was privatized in 2005 giving rise to Electricity Generating Companies (Gencos), Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), and Electricity Distribution Companies (Discos). In particular, 11 companies emerged in the country each with an allotted operational zone. The industry has been operating as a natural monopoly. The objective of the study was to establish that the natural monopoly of the Nigeria electricity power industry has a significant effect on the ability of the Ikeja Electricity Company to deliver sustained power supply to consumers. Within the operational domain of Ikeja Electricity Distribution Company, the study concentrated on the electricity consumers in Alimosho Local Government Area which is the largest Local government Area in Lagos State. The sample size was 377 calculated using Raosoft sample size calculator. Out of the 377 copies of the questionnaire administered, 311 were returned fully completed representing a response rate of 82.49%.The analysis of data was done with Z test. There were 10 findings. The only hypothesis of the study shows that the natural monopoly of the Nigeria electricity power industry in which the Ikeja Electricity Distribution Company operates has a significant effect on its ability to deliver sustained power supply to consumers. The recommendation is that the distribution segment of the market be deregulated to give rise to competition.

Introduction One of the notable legacies of the Systems approach in organizational studies is that all the subsystems or elements that make up the organization, which are interrelated, function interdependently and synergistically for the survival of the whole. Where a subsystem or an element experiences malfunctioning, the entire system is bound to be affected; as that is capable of bringing it to a state of disequilibrium. In effect, the system would experience difficulty in attaining a state of homeostasis (equilibrium or a steady state). In an input-output or import-export relationship, between the organization and its environment, a deficiency in any of the input resources which are imported from the environment, would affect the processing or transformation stage, and concomitantly, the output, which are exported to the environment usually in form of finished goods and services, would be faulty (Mele, Pels, and Polese, 2010). In retrospect, looking at the works of classical management scholars like Taylor (1911) and his contemporaries Fayol (1917), and Weber (1919),the focus of management thought was on goal attainment, efficiency, increased productivity, and profit maximization which necessitated that emphasis be placed on "rationality" (goal specificity and high degree of structural formalization). As a result, the intellectual thinking and creative energies of the theorists were devoted to the generation of universally applicable laws either as "one best practice" of managing (Taylor), as "principles of management" (Fayol), or as "bureaucracies"(Weber). Their idea about the organization and its functions was mechanistic based on the principle of rationality; and, in their view, the ultimate goal of any business organization was how to achieve efficiency and increased productivity leading to high profits. Consequently, while emphasis was on structures and functions in the organization (structural-functionalism) as being suitable for achieving increased output with a high degree of efficiency to ensure profit maximization, the deficiency in their thought is that the human being, who should have been appropriately seen as the driver of the system, was seen merely as a productive tool in the same way as machines were regarded (Yalokwu, 2007).

The study was to investigate how the unbridled commitment of the electricity distribution companies in Nigeria to profit affects their spirituality in consumer value creation; while also establishing the extent to which the distribution companies have affected the consumers with the fraudulent and unethical estimated and coded billing system inherited from the defunct Power Holding Company of Nigeria. Focus was on Ikeja Electricity Distribution Company. Within the operational domain of Ikeja Electricity Distribution Company, the study concentrated on the electricity consumers in Alimosho Local Government Area in Lagos State. The sample size was 377 calculated using Raosoft sample size calculator. Out of the 377 copies of the questionnaire administered, 322 were returned fully completed representing a response rate of 85.41%. Two hypotheses were tested; and they showed that: 1) The unbridled commitment to pursuit of profits by the electricity distribution companies (Discos) as private investors has a significant effect on their ability to adhere to spirituality in value creation for the electricity consumers; and 2) The adoption of inherited billing system by the electricity distribution companies (Discos) as private investors has a significant effect on their ability to adhere to spirituality in value creation for the electricity consumers. The analysis of data was done with Z test. There were 14 findings. The main rec