Branchial sinuses/fistula is one of the most common congenital anomalies found in neck derived from the branchial arches. Although unilateral lesions are common, very rarely it can be bilateral and patient can present as discharging sinus/fistula over the anterior aspect of the neck. Here, we have presented a rare case report of bilateral branchial arch anomaly from the second branchial arch without any syndromic association.

Introduction: Femoral nerve is an important nerve supplying the lower limb. Variations in the origin and course of femoral nerve are frequently encountered. The knowledge of these is of vital importance for orthopaedic surgeons and anaesthetists to prevent iatrogenic injury and debilitating postoperative complications. Aim: To document the variations in origin and course of femoral nerve and its clinical significance. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 specimens by dissecting 25 embalmed adult human cadavers of South Indian population out of which 20 were male and five were female cadavers. The study was conducted by dissection method done in the Department of Anatomy in Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur and Sri Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, T Begur, Bangalore Rural, Karnataka, India. Results were expressed in terms of frequency and percentages. Results: Out of the 50 specimens, in 47 specimens femoral nerve was found to be originating normally from dorsal divisions of L2, L3, L4 spinal nerves, whereas in three specimens it was found to be originating from dorsal divisions of L1, L2, L3. In two specimens femoral nerve was seen emerging from behind the psoas major muscle. Conclusion: A good knowledge about the embryological basis and variations in the branching pattern of femoral nerve is essential because of its numerous clinical implications, especially in localising neurological lesions of nerves, for their early and accurate diagnosis and thus preventing iatrogenic anaesthetic complications.

Background: Pleomorphic adenoma being the most common benign tumor of the major salivary gland, parotid in particular, attracts attention. Facial nerve anatomically separates the superficial lobe from deeper lobe. Superficial Parotidectomy, commonly practiced surgical technique carries high risk of nerve injury causing long term functional and esthetic deficits. This prospective study was to designed to compare required time of  surgery and facial nerve injury in antegrade versus retrograde dissection.Methods: Total of 32 patients who underwent superficial parotidectomy between June 2010 to June 2013 included in this study in which 18 patients were in retrograde dissection group and 14 subjects were in antegrade facial nerve dissection group. Time from the incision till closure is noted along with post operative facial nerve palsy for statistical analysis.Results: This study shows that retrograde facial nerve dissection in superficial parotidectomy requires statistically significant lesser time duration with no difference in facial nerve injury when compared to antegrade nerve dissection.Conclusions: This study approves retrograde facial nerve dissection over antegrade nerve dissection in cases of superficial parotidectomy for betterment of the patient.

Background and Objectives: The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) of the thigh arises from the dorsal branches of the second and third lumbar ventral rami. Several variations in the formation, course and branches of this nerve have been reported. The regional anatomy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is highly varied and may account for its susceptibility to local trauma. Knowledge of these variations is important for surgeons to avoid injury to the nerve. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variations in the formation of LFCN of the thigh and to discuss its clinical implications. Materials And Methods:The study was conducted on 25(50 sides) adult human cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur, Karnataka, India by dissection method. The LFCN was looked for, bilaterally, and its formation studied. The specimens were numbered and photographed.Results: In the present study, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of thigh arising from dorsal divisions of L2 L3 was observed in 34(68%) specimens. Variations in LFCN were observed in 16 specimens. The variations encountered were the absence of LFCN (2%), the origin of LFCN from ventral ramus of L1 spinal nerve (2%), the origin of LFCN from ventral rami of L1 L2 spinal nerves (8%), the origin of LFCN as a branch of femoral nerve (20%). Conclusion:The present study highlights the necessity for a thorough knowledge of the topographical features of the LFCN so as to increase the efficacy of diagnosis, reduce complications and increase patient comfort.