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The aim of paper is to design different types of inlet manifolds for the Internal Combustion Engine in order to

Switching operations of circuit breaker, disconnector and fault conditions in a Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) leads to Very Fast Transient Over voltages (VFTO) and Very Fast Transient Currents (VFTC) are developed. These VFTO's and VFTC's leads to generation of Electromagnetic fields in a gas insulated substations. These Electromagnetic fields due to VFTO's and VFTC's leads to greater damages on the insulation of equipments like power transformers, bushings, spacers etc. connected in the GIS system. These transient rise times are in nanoseconds range and the oscillations are in the MHz frequency range. To evaluate the magnitudes at various locations, it is required to perform an accurate analysis on the wave shape and amplitudes of VFTO and VFTC. In this paper the component models of more accurate 420kV GIS station is considered for simulation and analyzed magnitudes at different points in the 420kV GIS, proposed the effective mitigation method to reduce the amplitude of the VFTC and VFTO is presented. Simulations are performed with more accurate modeling of 420kV GIS system model. Electro Magnetic Transient Programming (EMTP) is used to analyse the VFTO's and VFTC's at the different locations in the GIS system. Simulation results are represented for various types of suppression methods considered for analysis.

ABSTRACT Histamine poisoning occurs when fish containing high amount of histamine are consumed. Because histamine is thermally stable, control of histamine-forming bacteria in seafood is an appropriate strategy for preventing the formation of histamine. One prevention method is the use of gamma irradiation on the histamine formers. To understand the effect of gamma irradiation on the histamine-forming bacteria, laboratory isolates of the prolific histamine formers Morganella morganii, Klebsiella variicola, and Proteus vulgaris were exposed to various doses of gamma radiation in nutrient broth and tuna muscle spiked with histamine formers. None of the test bacteria survived in tuna muscle irradiated at 2.0 kGy. K. variicola was highly sensitive to gamma irradiation and was eliminated at a dose of 1.5 kGy. Histamine production also was reduced significantly as the radiation dose increased. These results suggest that gamma irradiation can effectively eliminate histamine-forming bacteria and reduce the threat of histamine poisoning from seafood. HIGHLIGHTS

Switching of disconnectors (DS) and various faults in Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) causes number of pre-strikes and re-strikes happens. The short duration voltage collapse, traveling surges in busbar causes Very Fast Transient Over voltages (VFTO) and Very fast Transient Currents (VFTC) in the GIS substation. The main challenge is to reduce VFTO and VFTC amplitudes. Several methods have been proposed and examined in the past, such as damping Resistor and Ferrite rings. The VFTO and VFTC damping solutions utilizing damping Resistor, ferrite rings has been analyzed using most popular and widely used software package Electro Magnetic Transient Programming (EMTP). The simulation of mitigation methods like damping resistor and Ferrite rings shows that a damping effect can be achieved. The damping resistor suffers with the difficulty of inserting inside the busduct and the other one is Ferrite magnetic material rings goes easily into saturation, which complicates the design and reduces its general applicability and robustness. This paper investigates the new techniques to suppress the VFTO and VFTC in a 245kV GIS substation by considering the complete substation model for simulation using EMTP. Rings of a Nanocrystalline alloy placed around the GIS conductor were investigated, developed the equivalent model and simulated using EMTP. Prominent results have been achieved with the Nanocrystalline models.