Genetic transformation and regeneration of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) transgenic plants with a constitutive version of an anti-oxidative stress superoxide dismutase gene

BACKGROUNDIn clinical practice, disorders of thyroid are common worldwide and incidence of which varies with geographical as well as nutritional factors. About twelve percent of Indian adults have palpable goitre. Nowadays, thyroidectomy is a routine surgical procedure offering the chances of cure to many patients having goitre.Aim of the study is to find out the common indications of thyroidectomy in our centre and to study the frequency and histopathological spectrum of follicular cell derived lesions in thyroidectomy specimens.

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BACKGROUND Nodular enlargement of thyroid gland is a frequent surgical problem worldwide and it is most often caused by nodular hyperplasia due to impaired synthesis of thyroid hormone. An autonomous nodule may develop in 10% of long-standing multi-nodular goitre and produce hyperthyroidism. Sometimes nodular hyperplasia displays features that may be confused for a neoplastic process.The aim of this study is to find out the frequency of different types of non-neoplastic and neoplastic thyroid lesions developing in association with multi-nodular goitre. MATERIALS AND METHODSAll thyroidectomy specimens received in our Institution from January 2011 to December 2015 and which showed multi-nodular hyperplasia on histopathological examination were included. RESULT Nodular hyperplasia either alone or in combination with any other thyroid lesion was observed in 70.8% (n = 1529) of the total thyroidectomy specimens. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was observed in 12.7% cases and important tumour-like thyroid lesions observed were cellular nodule (6.2%), Hurthle cell nodule (0.5%), papillary hyperplasia (0.5%) and pseudo-nuclear clearing (0.1%). Important thyroid neoplasms observed in association with multi-nodular goitre were Papillary carcinoma (3%), Hurthle cell adenoma (0.5%), Follicular adenoma (0.2%) and Medullary carcinoma (0.1%). Incidence rate of thyroid malignancy in association with nodular hyperplasia was 3.8%. CONCLUSIONMore than two-third of the neoplasms observed were papillary micro-carcinomas; this highlights the importance of thorough sampling of thyroidectomy specimens. However, comparatively thyroid neoplasms in nodular hyperplasia had a lower incidence rate in this study and the peak incidence of nodular hyperplasia associated papillary carcinoma was in younger age group. This difference may be attributed to improved public awareness and health welfare facilities available in Kerala.

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