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The goal of the study is to determine the actual areas and the geographical distri- bution of Urban Green Spaces (UGS) in Kyiv; compile and analyse the ratings of the city administrative districts by key UGS indicators and substantiate the level of comfortable living in each district according to the concept of a green compact city. The goal stems from the announcement of an official strategy of transforming Kyiv into a comfortable compact city with an attractive green infrastructure. To achieve this goal, we have calculated a number of major indicators of the modern green infrastructure of Kyiv in all ten city districts. According to the method we developed, we analysed the drawings of the urban development master plan and regulatory documents, and conducted a field survey of significant UGS sites in Kyiv. The data obtained were used to make a UGS map of Kyiv and other thematic maps. For the most accurate calculation of key UGS indicators, we processed several thousand contours in Kyiv’s cartographic base. The sizes of Urban Protected Areas (UPA) were found separately, and their share in the total city territory and of each district (Conservation Coefficients) was determined. In so doing, UPA distribution was found to be very irregular, with a total area of 174.9 km2, or about 21.2% of that of Ukraine’s capital. We analysed the ratio of the city population and the areas of green spaces in each Kyiv district. To identify districts with a different UGS coverage, we calculated the Greenness Coefficients (GC) and compiled a rating of Kyiv districts by their level of greenness, using the Greenness Coefficients Index. Significant GC variations in different city districts were substantiated. In contrast to previous studies, we calculated the provision of Kyiv residents with green zones of not merely common usage, but also with those of all other kinds, including UPA. We also calculated the Green space provision per person and compiled ratings of Kyiv districts by the Green Space Provision Index. The results were presented on a relevant map. Based on calculating the share of protected areas in the total UGS area, we found the ratings of Kyiv districts by the Green space legally protected Index. Wherein, we found significant variations among the districts by the ratio of protected areas and green spaces deprived of any legal protection. This increases their vulnerability to projected development attempts. We calculated the Integral Green Space Index (GSI) based on processing all significant UGS indicators of Kyiv. GSI allows for an integral assessment of the condition of the Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) in Kyiv, and it is the key criterion of its compliance with modern requirements to an ideal compact city. Holosiivskyi District received the highest GSI rating. It is uniformly replete with UGS, which are provided for quality recreation and, at the same time, are protected by environmental legislation. Solomianskyi District received the lowest rating, and almost all the elements of its existing UGI require a cardinal optimisation. As a whole, the indicators we calculated can create an illusion of adequate provision of Kyiv with UGS. Actually, they are distributed very irregularly in the majority of districts. The results of our study are indicative of the presence of many challenging locations that require an extension of existing UGS and the development of new ones pursuant to the principles of compact city planning. Since UGI planning depends on the implementation of the Urban Development Master Plan, it makes sense to include the Green Space Index to the key indicators of the Kyiv Development Strategy. The draft new City General Plan should also be refined with account of the above-mentioned problems.

The article deals with the meaningful content of educational disciplines of geoecological profile, which should ensure qualitative changes in the educational process and the introduction of innovative technologies for it to successfully implement the practical knowledge acquired by students of theoretical knowledge. Due to the increasing of the dangerous consequences of human activity and the complication of current geoecological problems, the geoecological profession and the ability of higher education institutions graduates to introduce the acquired knowledge in practical activity become extremely urgent. One of the main ways from theory to practice in the process of acquiring higher education is the geoecological approach to optimizing the spatial-temporal structural-functional landscape organization of the territory. The meaningful content of the three structural blocks of the academic discipline “Geoecology of Ukraine” for Master degree students should correspond to the general research methodology, the main geoecological problems and the application of research results to solve these problems. At different stages of studying the discipline, appropriate forms and methods of ensuring the educational process are used. At the initial stage, such forms are the organization of non-standard lecture lessons in the form of multimedia presentations, as well as seminars with tests, public speeches and student discussions. The main stage of studying the discipline is devoted to the analysis of modern geoecological problems of Ukraine. The disclosure of these problems should be based on the scheme “the influence of inefficient nature management – the change of geo- ecosystems components – violation of these components geoecological functions due to negative effects – ways to restore broken communications”. At this stage of discipline studies, it is advisable to combine classic traditional teaching techniques with creative search, application of innovative educational technologies, original didactic ideas. Introduction in the educational process a relatively new for Ukraine Method of projects allows students to not only better learn lecture material, but also learn to independently acquire knowledge in close cooperation with the teacher. The method provides an individual work according to the plan drawn up by the project team, and the results of this work will have theoretical, practical and cognitive significance. The offered algorithm of carrying out students’ project activity is: first of all, the essence of the problem is revealed; then the factors and causes of its occurrence are analyzed; after that, the ways of solving the problem are being developed and their effectiveness is evaluated. The approximate themes of student projects within the framework of the educational discipline are determined, as well as the forms of interaction between students and the teacher at certain stages of work on the project. The themes of the last, applied, section of the discipline are related to the practical aspects of geoecological research and may be selected by students independently, on the example of their city, district, and region. This is important for students to understand the project activity as an adaptive strategy for the arrangement of a comfortable people environment. Upon assimilation of all educational program themes, future specialists become trained in practical implementation of the geoecological approach to optimization of nature using in order to solve actual problems. Upon assimilation of all educational program themes, future specialists become trained in practical implementation of the geoecological approach to optimization of nature using in order to solve actual problems.

ГЕОГРАФІЯ. 1(70)/2018 ~ 9 ~ ское исследование. Авторами статьи приведены данные такого исследования, которое было осуществлено в границах Столичного макрорайона. В результате установлено, что профессионально-образовательный уровень является одним из определяющих факторов, по которым в общественном восприятии следует относить к среднему классу. Ключевые слова: средний класс, критерии среднего класса, Столичный макрорайон.The article reveals the identification problems of the middle class in Ukraine, on the example of the capital's macro-district. It shows that scientific approaches applied in foreign scientific schools cannot be using in Ukrainian conditions because number of reasons. In particular, the low level of income in the country as a whole caused a decline in the acceptable level of income. That is, the sense of term "middle class" in Ukrainian conditions has a completely different context. On the other hand, the Ukrainian national currency has a larger purchasing power, than us dollar has, for example. Therefore, a result, authors found the vocational and educational level is one of the determining factors, which in the public perception should be attributed to the middle class. Because of the survey, it was established that property criteria, after all, are decisive in identifying the middle class. housing or their own car. The level of well-being measured as a whole by the level of income that the household receives. П. Шищенко, д-р геогр. наук, проф., О. Гавриленко, канд. геогр. наук, доц. Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка, Київ one cannot directly compare the incomes of Ukrainian citizens and the incomes of residents of economically developed countries. In addition, due to the specific nature of the methodological base of Ukrainian state statistics, the state does not collect data on the middle class. Consequently, the identification of the middle class in Ukrainian conditions is an important practical and scientific problem. One of the approaches that makes it possible to circumvent these contradictions is the subjective method, that is, the carrying out of sociological research. The authors of the article present the data of such an investigation, which was made within the frontiers of the Metropolitan macrodistrict. As At the same time, the level of education and profession is important as the level of income. This allows us to conclude that public opinion in Ukraine identifies the middle class not only as a group of people with a certain level of income, but also as a community with high levels of education and self-awareness. For the capital's macro-district of Ukraine, its own characteristics of middle class have few characteristic. Although the income level of the population in this macro-region is the highest, the criteria for identifying the middle class are also high. It is significant that the understanding of the middle class in Ukrainian society has its own specifics. For the Ukrainian class is not required the availability of their own ГЕОЕКОЛОГІЯ В НАУКОВО-ОСВІ...

Purpose. The goal of the study is to develop an algorithm for assessing urban green space (UGS) accessibility in conditions of a compact city with high-density development by the example of Kyiv. Methodology. The research technique provides for spatial and quantitative analysis of UGS distribution within city limits by using OpenStreetMap, Google Map geospatial data and the QGIS software. The pedestrian accessibility to greenery is determined as the distance walked from the residential building to the nearest green space. If the average speed of walking of all age groups is taken to be 3 km/hr, then 10 minutes are needed to cover a distance of 500 m, and 20 minutes, for 1,000 m. To account for curved paths and obstacles (buildings, fences, motorways), UGS were surrounded with buffer areas 300 m and 700 m wide. This equals the walking distances of 500 and 1,000 m respectively. Results. We plotted on the map all available UGS within Kyiv limits, determined their total area and found a very uneven spatial UGS distribution in different city districts. Then we found the average provision of each Kyiv resident with greenery of all kinds, including not only parks, mini parks, and urban forests, but also cemeteries, flowerbeds and grass lawns, separate street bushes and trees, and roadside hedgerows. Based on the data of the number of buildings and the population density within Kyiv’s residential development area, we calculated the actual provision of Kyiv residents with UGS of all kinds, and with greenery suitable for daily recreation. In so doing, we found that the provision of UGS, where short-term recreation is possible, is significantly smaller in area per head of population as compared to an identical indicator calculated for greenery of all kinds. This is confirmed by the built map charts. Using the buffer approach, we determined the shortest distances to be covered to reach a UGS nearest to a residential building. Independently, we measured pedestrian accessibility to any green cover in Kyiv and UGS accessibility for public use, which are suitable for daily recreation in different Kyiv micro districts. The findings yielded a significant difference in these indicators. According to the calculations of UGS accessibility of all kinds, Kyiv really looks like a “green” city where almost in all the developed territories the distance to the nearest UGS is within 1,000 m. However, an assessment of the accessibility to greenery suitable for short-term daily recreation is indicative of a deficiency of UGS in at least eleven residential complexes in the city. All the locations with different UGS accessibility are also plotted on relevant map charts. Scientific novelty. The study has shown that only 45.4% of Kyiv residents are provided with high pedestrian accessibility within a distance of 500 m to UGS for daily recreation. The residents of different age and social groups who, within a 1-km radius, have no access at all to any recreation site make up 15.5% of Kyiv residents. Substantial disproportions in UGS accessibility were also found in different administrative districts and residential complexes. This is indicative that the management of the entire city’s green infrastructure is not perfect. Practical importance. The algorithm for assessing green space accessibility that was developed and tested for Kyiv can be used for any compact city. This will help city planners to identify accurately the micro districts and other locations requiring priority planting of greenery.