Echocardiography is an essential diagnostic tool for accurate noninvasive assessment of cardiac structure and function in vivo. However, the use of anesthetic agents during echocardiographic studies is associated with alterations in cardiac anatomical and functional parameters. We sought to systematically compare the effects of three commonly used anesthetic agents on echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, LV dimensions, and LV mass in rats. Adult male Fischer 344 rats underwent echocardiographic studies under pentobarbital (PB, 25 mg/kg i.p.) (group I, n = 25), inhaled isoflurane (ISF, 1.5%) (group II, n = 25),or ketamine/xylazine (K/X, 37 mg/kg ketamine and 7 mg/kg xylazine i.p.) (group III, n = 25) anesthesia in a cross-over design. Echocardiography was also performed in an additional group of unanesthetized conscious rats (group IV, n = 5). Postmortem studies were performed to validate echocardiographic assessment of LV dimension and mass. Rats in group I exhibited significantly higher LV ejection fraction, fractional shortening, fractional area change, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening corrected for heart rate, and heart rate as compared with groups II and III. LV end-diastolic volume, end-diastolic diameter, and cross-sectional area in diastole were significantly smaller in group I compared with groups II and III. Cardiac output was significantly lower in group III compared with groups I and II. Postmortem LV mass measurements correlated well with echocardiographic estimation of LV mass for all anesthetic agents, and the correlation was best with PB anesthesia. Limited echocardiographic data obtained in conscious rats were similar to those obtained under PB anesthesia. We conclude that compared with ISF and K/X anesthesia, PB anesthesia at a lower dose yields echocardiographic LV structural and functional data similar to those obtained in conscious rats. In addition, PB anesthesia also facilitates more accurate estimation of LV mass.

Five patients with severe hyponatraemia and epileptiform seizures were given 50 ml of 29-2% saline (250 mmol) through a central venous catheter over 10 minutes to control seizures rapidly, reduce cerebral oedema, and diminish the incidence of permanent neuronal damage. The saline controlled seizures in all patients, increasing the mean serum sodium concentration by (SD 1-14) mmol(mEq)/l and decreasing the mean serum potassium concentration by 0.62 (0.5) mmol(mEq)/l. Further saline and frusemide were then administered over 10 (2)

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