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The Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) measures the empowerment, agency, and inclusion of women in the agriculture sector, where they contribute to more than 50% of the world's total food production (FAO 1996). The index will be used for performance monitoring and impact evaluations of USAID's Feed the Future (FTF) program, an investment of USD$3.5 billion in global food security. This multidimensional indicator, which encompasses measures of the roles and extent of women's engagement in the agriculture sector in five domains, is an innovation in the field. As such, lessons are still being learned regarding collection of the data needed to inform the indicator. Our study evaluates the cognitive validity of questions used in the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) using cognitive interview data collected during the fielding of the 2012 Haiti Multi-Sectoral Baseline Survey. Our findings indicate that overall, the questions on the WEAI were generally well-understood. However, our analysis of data from the cognitive assessment allowed us to discern areas of particular concern in terms of the ability of the WEAI questions to elicit valid responses from survey participants. Specific approaches to addressing difficulties include avoiding the use of jargon and overly formal language, standardizing questions, and incorporating cognitive testing to ensure a valid and locally relevant instrument. Our analyses contribute to the enhancement of this very important measure.

A wealth of research has suggested the West tends toward individualism and the East toward collectivism. We explored this topic on an unprecedented scale through two new items in the 2020 Gallup World Poll, involving 121,207 participants in 116 countries. The first tapped into orientations toward self-care versus other-care (“Do you think people should focus more on taking care of themselves or on taking care of others?”). The second enquired into self-orientation versus other-orientation (“Which of the following is closest to your main purpose in life? Being good at what you do in your daily life, Caring for family and close friends, or Helping other people who need help?”). We anticipated that self-care and self-orientation would index individualism (hence be higher in the West), while other-care and other-orientation would index collectivism (hence be higher in the East). However, contrary to expectation, there was greater self-care in the East (45.82%) than in the West (41.58%). As predicted though, there was greater self-orientation in the West (30.20%) than in the East (23.08.%). Greater self-care in the East invites one of two interpretations. Either these items: (a) index individualism and collectivism as anticipated, so in some ways the East is more individualistic and the West less individualistic than assumed; or (b) do not index individualism and collectivism as anticipated, so the concepts are more complex than often realized (e.g., collectivism may involve prioritizing self-care over other-care). Either way, the findings help complexify these concepts, challenging common cross-cultural generalizations in this area.

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