While expansion of space industry engineering standards over any human factors interface, except the humantechnology interface, is a still a relatively new topic (Dudley-Rowley & Bishop, 2002), even rarer still is the consideration of the latent challenges of long-duration space missions. A latent challenge in this venue could be a social, behavioral, or a natural or human-engineered environmental phenomenon. Manifest challenges to long-duration spaceflight are numerous enough, with mission planners, managers, and engineers taking into account obvious things like spacecraft operations, communications difficulties, having enough onboard resources, and protection of crew from an airless, microgravity environment fraught with radiation and other hazards. Latent challenges are harder to grasp. A latent challenge is any item, aspect, component, or process that potentially poses difficulties in the performance of mission objectives, but is something about which not much is known. However, a mission to Mars is a long-duration space mission that is a significantly different experience than a tour-of-duty of the same duration aboard a space station in full view of Earth, with easier access to new or needed equipment, more supplies, or even returnability. Social and behavioral phenomena in such an extreme environment could generate their own set of latent challenges. What steps could the crew take to ensure a high level of group functioning and minimize the impact to the accomplishment of mission objectives? How might design offset latent challenges on long-duration space missions? This report attempts to catalog the types of latent challenges that could pose difficulties to the longduration space mission, and then gives a multidisciplinary perspective of how design could respond to these challenges.
Advances in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have led to an exponential increase in their market, thanks to the development of innovative technological solutions aimed at a wide range of applications and services, such as emergencies and those related to fires. In addition, the expansion of this market has been accompanied by the birth and growth of the so-called UAV swarms. Currently, the expansion of these systems is due to their properties in terms of robustness, versatility, and efficiency. Along with these properties there is an aspect, which is still a field of study, such as autonomous and cooperative navigation of these swarms. In this paper we present an architecture that includes a set of complementary methods that allow the establishment of different control layers to enable the autonomous and cooperative navigation of a swarm of UAVs. Among the different layers, there are a global trajectory planner based on sampling, algorithms for obstacle detection and avoidance, and methods for autonomous decision making based on deep reinforcement learning. The paper shows satisfactory results for a line-of-sight based algorithm for global path planner trajectory smoothing in 2D and 3D. In addition, a novel method for autonomous navigation of UAVs based on deep reinforcement learning is shown, which has been tested in 2 different simulation environments with promising results about the use of these techniques to achieve autonomous navigation of UAVs.
En primer lugar, agradecer a mis directores académicos, Arturo y David y, a Pablo en Drone Hopper, por acompañarme a lo largo de esta etapa que hoy está más cerca de culminarse. Gracias por la ayuda prestada, por hacerme crecer, en el ámbito profesional y en el personal. Gracias por conar en mí y permitir que, junto a Drone Hopper, haya podido cerrar una etapa tan importante.Aunque si algo me ha llevado hoy a escribir estas líneas es formar parte, durante 5 años, de una familia como el LSI, incluida esa nueva generación de chavalitos, que han hecho del B16 un lugar donde nuca sentirse solo. El principal culpable de ello es Fernando. Fue él quien me brindó la oportunidad de trabajar con gente tan buena como la que aquí trabaja y ha trabajado, porque echando la vista atrás, no puedo olvidarme de personas cómo Noelia, Ricardo o Dani con las que ha sido un verdadero placer trabajar y, que junto al resto, han contribuido a que cada día uno se sienta afortunado de formar parte de un grupo humano como este.Dentro de esta gran familia hay otra persona que merece una mención aparte, no es otro que Abdulla, un amigo más que un compañero de trabajo. Sólo él sabe lo duro que, durante muchos momentos, ha sido esto y, sus palabras, su ayuda y su trabajo han hecho posible que las dudas se despejaran y continuara trabajando por llegar hoy a escribir estas líneas.Al escribir estas líneas no puedo olvidarme de un grupo de personas que durante esta etapa han sido más que compañeros de trabajo, han sido amigos, aquellas personas con las que compartir las alegrías y penas del día a día, gente como Carlos, María, Irene, Fran o Jorge que me han ayudado y apoyado de manera especial a lo largo de esta dura etapa, la cual Jorge advirtió y yo no hice caso.Tampoco puedo terminar este párrafo sin agradecer a Sergio y Alejandro todo el trabajo de estos últimos meses, por hacer más fácil y llevadera la vuelta a la normalidad y por estar codo con codo en las últimas fases de este trabajo.Por último, gracias a mi verdadera familia, a unos padres y hermanas que han sido un espejo dónde mirarse, a los que les debo y, sin los cuáles, no habría llegado hoy a escribir este trabajo. Y gracias a ti, Olga, por comprenderme, soportarme y ayudarme en estos duros meses y, sobre todo, por dar sentido a mi vida de la manera en la que lo has hecho.
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