Accurate assessment of the hemodynamic status is vital for appropriate management of patients with critical illness. As such, there has been a constant quest for reliable and non-invasive bedside tools to assess and monitor circulatory status in order to ensure end-organ perfusion. In the recent past, point of care ultrasonography (POCUS) has emerged as a valuable adjunct to physical examination in various specialties, which basically is a clinician-performed bedside ultrasound to answer focused questions. POCUS allows visualization of the internal anatomy and flow dynamics in real time, guiding apt interventions. While both arterial (forward flow) and venous (organ outflow or afterload) limbs of hemodynamic circuit are important for tissue perfusion, the venous side remains relatively under-explored. With recent data underscoring the deleterious consequences of iatrogenic volume overload, objective evaluation of venous congestion is gaining attention. Bedside Doppler ultrasound serves this purpose and aids in diagnosing and monitoring the congestion/venous blood flow pattern. In this article, we summarize the rationale for integrating this technology into routine care of patients with volume-related disorders, discuss the normal and abnormal waveforms, limitations, and future directions.
Los transtornos mentales y neurológicos representan el 14% de las enfermedades a nivel mundial y el 22% en Latinoamérica, siendo las más comunes depresión (5%) y ansiedad (3.4%). En Guatemala durante el 2015 se reportó un incremento del 40% de los trastornos mentales, encabezados por depresión y ansiedad. Con el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia de depresión y ansiedad en adolescentes de institutos nacionales de educación básica y diversificada, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se seleccionaron tres municipios del departamento de Santa Rosa, a conveniencia y tres institutos públicos de cada municipio. Con una muestra aleatoria simple de 587 adolescente, distribuida proporcionalmente. Se utilizaron los cuestionarios autoaplicables Children ?s Depression Inventory (CDI) y Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (Scared) para detectar sintomatología depresiva y de ansiedad. Se obtuvo una participación de 56.4% de sexo femenino y 43.6% del sexo masculino. La prevalencia de sintomatos sugestivos de depresión fue de 23.7% y de ansiedad 61.2%, presentándose, ambas, con mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino.
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