ResumenLa información sobre identificación y diversidad morfológica de calabaza (Cucurbita spp.) es importante para su utilización, mejoramiento y conservación de esta especie. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la diversidad morfológica de especies de calabaza cultivadas en Nayarit. El trabajo de caracterización fue realizado en el ciclo primavera verano del 2012, bajo condiciones de temporal, en las localidades de Xalisco y Mexpan del estado de Nayarit. Se utilizaron 33 accesiones de cuatro especies las que fueron descritas con 43 descriptores morfológicos. El soporte estadístico comprendió análisis de componentes principales y de agrupamiento por el método de Ward. Los tres primeros componentes principales explicaron 53.3% de la variabilidad total; en el dendograma se formaron seis grupos con características morfológicas similares con distancia euclidiana de 0.06. Las características que contribuyeron en mayor medida a la explicación de la diversidad encontrada y que permitieron hacer distinciones entre especies fueron para: C. moschata, fue contrastante al resto de especies en tamaño de hoja, grosor y número de semillas, peso y ancho de fruto, C. argyrosperma en características y dimensiones del pedúnculo, ancho, longitud y peso de 100 semillas, C. ficifolia en color de la pulpa del fruto y C. pepo en peso y AbstractThe information on identification and morphological diversity of pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) is important for its use, development and conservation of this species. The objective of this work was to study the morphological diversity of pumpkin grown in Nayarit. The characterization work was conducted in the spring-summer cycle of 2012, under rainfed conditions in the villages of Xalisco and Mexpan, State of Nayarit. 33 accessions of four species were described with 43 morphological descriptors. Statistical support realized on the principal component analysis and clusters were made by the method of Ward. The first three principal components explained 53.3% of the total variability; in the dendogram six groups with similar morphological characteristics were formed with euclidean distance of 0.06. The characteristics that contributed more to explaining the diversity found and allowed to distinguish between species were: C. moschata, contrasting to other species regarding leaf size, thickness and number of seeds, weight and width of fruit, C. argyrosperma in features and dimensions of the stem, width, length and weight of 100 seeds, C. ficifolia in colour of the fruit pulp and C. pepo in weight and dimensions of fruit and seed with lower values to that expressed by other species. With this study it was possible to establish the diversity of species that are grown in the State of Nayarit. dimensiones del fruto y semilla con menores valores al expresado por las demás especies. Con este estudio se logró establecer la diversidad existente de las especies que se cultivan en el estado de Nayarit.Palabras clave: Cucurbita spp., análisis de agrupamiento, caracterización varietal, componentes principa...
components, the first three components explained 79.13% of the total morphological variability, and the variables that determined it were: equatorial and longitudinal fruit diameter, weight of fruit and pulp, width of leaf and weight of seed. The cluster analysis differentiated five groups, and inside of the groups, variability that allowed differentiating subgroups was present. The groups were not separated by municipality in the dendrogram. Morphological variability exists among the chicozapote materials of Nayarit. Some of the materials identified have potential to be used for fruit production, thick shell, long post-harvest life and seedless fruits that could be evaluated for organoleptic properties. The trees that produce parthenocarpic fruit could be used for studies about the reproductive biology of chicozapote.
<p><strong>Background.</strong> From the early days, human beings have used plants to satisfy their biological or cultural needs; this man-plant relationship is studied by ethnobotany. Pumpkins were one of the first plants domesticated by <em>Homo sapiens</em> and currently they are important species in human diet. <strong>Objective</strong>. To explore the knowledge about the relationship that exists between farmers and pumpkin species cultivated in Nayarit, Mexico. <strong>Methodology</strong>. Consisted of fieldwork in the years 2013 and 2014, where 15 municipalities were visited, and 35 farmers were interviewed; techniques used for the compilation of information were through semi-structured interviews and the participant observation method. Species studied were <em>Cucurbita argyrosperma </em>Huber<em>, Cucurbita ficifolia </em>Bouché<em>, Cucurbita pepo </em>L.<em> </em>and<em> Cucurbita moschata </em>Duch. Ex Lam<em>.</em> Information collected included the traditional classification, uses, selection criteria for seed, a source of knowledge acquisition of the crop and beliefs and rites related to the species. <strong>Results.</strong> Main use of pumpkin among farmers were as food, forage and medicine. Seeds and fruits were the main elements of interest; producers’ criteria for selection of plants are based on the characteristics of fruits using established patterns, with which they create their selections for fruit or seed production. <strong>Conclusion.</strong> It was found that <em>Cucurbita</em> spp. have a ritualistic relationship with the Huichol ethnic group, as it is part of their ceremonies related to their beliefs.</p>
El híbrido intervarietal de maíz Cora 2012 fue desarrollado mediante el método de la Selección Recurrente Recíproca (SSR). Se utiliza el patrón heterótico de las poblaciones P * A. Los dos primeros ciclos fueron con progenies de medios hermanos apoyados por agricultores maiceros de Nayarit, mejoramiento participativo. Desde el tercer ciclo, las progenies fueron de hermanos completos recíprocos mediante cruzamientos entre líneas S1, tipo P S1 * A S1. El Cora 2012 se derivó de este tercer ciclo de avance. La formación de las poblaciones (1999-2001) y la aplicación de la SRR (2002-2010) se han realizado en Nayarit. La evaluación se realizó en Nayarit (2005-2010) y la validación también incluyó los estados de Jalisco, Michoacán y Sinaloa (2010-2013). La caracterización se realizó en Nayarit (2010- 2011) y fue asignado como ‘MAZ-1477 - 010313’en el registro del Catálogo Nacional de Variedades Vegetales (CNVV). Tiene un comportamiento similar a los híbridos de maíz de actual uso; de 7 t ha-1. En promedio, también tiene similares características agronómicas que los híbridos comerciales. Su mayor atributo es que rinde bien aún en factores cambiantes de clima, tecnología usada y suelo. La producción de semilla es relativamente fácil y se obtienen como 4.5 t ha-1 de semilla. Agricultores asociados y pequeñas empresas productoras de semilla pueden disponer de la semilla de los progenitores.
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