available online at httpj//www.idealibrary.com on I BE bl 0 @ Four sites with contrasting environmental stress in southeastern Brazil: relations of species, life form diversity, and geographic distribution to ecophysiological parameters Some ecophysiological parameters related to plant performance and fitness (carbon and nitrogen isotope composition and total C and N concentrations; in situ chlorophyll fluorescence measurements) were determined for over 30 species in four habitats bordering the montane Atlantic rain forest of Brazil, along a gradient of altitude and rainfall: a dry coastal forest, two areas of sandy coastal plain vegetation (restingas), and a high altitude campo. There was a considerable diversity of ecophysiological behaviour within and between the functional groups we created based on plant life-forms. For instance, both crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and C3 species were found in most life-forms sampled and throughout all habitats. Despite the variation in rainfall regimes, average overall water-use efficiency was similar between sites, particularly for C., species, while no clear pattern regarding nitrogen-use emerged in this respect. Acute and chronic photoinhibition were found in many species across this gradient, even in CAM plants. However, on average, chronic photoinhibition and lower energy dissipation capacity were more characteristic of plants from the restinga habitats. This suggests that, although plants colonizing these habitats have evolved features to deal with water shortage, adaptation to high light levels has not been fully achieved yet. The ecophysiological performance of some individual species in distinct habitats and in distinct microhabitats within habitats is also discussed. ! C 2001 The Linnean Society of London ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS: Atlantic forest -carbon isotopes -chlorophyll a fluorescence -dry forest -high altitude vegetation -nitrogen isotopes -sandy coastal vegetation.

RESUMO Os processos de fragmentação florestal atualmente representamum dosprincipais riscosà biodiversidade global. Nestecontextoé muito importante considerar estas transformações artificiais aos ecossistemas para compreender até mesmo padrões e processos ecológicos naturais. Neste trabalho é feita uma sinopse teórica que inclui o desenvolvimento de alguns conceitos e uma análise crítica destes, mesmo na falta de um arcabouço conceitual unificador sobre fragmentação florestal. São discutidas algumas teorias sobre limites (i.e. bordas) artificiais e naturais tendo como base as transformações ao longo do tempo e fenômenos de retração e expansão de comunidades e ecossistemas. A sucessão ecológica é brevemente discutida com base nas visões conflitantes de Clements e Gleason e mencionamos a importância de rever alguns modelos sucessionais para elucidar determinados aspectos dos efeitos de borda. Sobre estes efeitos é esboçada uma breve perspectiva histórica da evolução de alguns conceitos. Embora exista um conhecimento relativamentevastosobreosefeitosdebordaafirmamosqueaindaémuito difícilprever atrajetóriados processos ecológicos em bordas assim como as transformações nos padrões naturais.

Three legume tree species (Fabaceae) occurring abundantly in a semi-deciduous tropical dry forest of the Atlantic forest complex in southeastern Brazil were subjected to a comparative ecophysiological study at the end of the dry season/beginning of the wet season. The trees chosen were morphologically very similar: Caesalpinia echinata Lam. and Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex. Tul., both 10-20 m of height, of the sub-family Caesalpinioideae, and the somewhat smaller, 2-4 m tall, Machaerium obovatum Kuhlm. & Hoehne of the sub-family Faboideae. Despite their similarities with respect to their geographic distribution restricted to Brazilian dry forests, their comparable abundance in the study site and their phylogenetic proximity, the three species display distinctly different ecophysiological behaviour. Compared to the other two species, C. ferrea had the highest photosynthetic capacity (maximum apparent photosynthetic electron transport rate, ETR max ) and higher saturation light-intensity, was less subject to photoinhibition as indicated by potential quantum yield of photosystem II (F v /F m ) and had the lowest bulk N content of which soluble non-protein N compounds were only 1.5%. It showed stronger sun plant characteristics. C. echinata had lower photosynthetic capacity, was under chronic A. Geßler · M. Nahm · H. Rennenberg photoinhibition and had high bulk N content of which 6.1% were soluble N compounds with high concentrations of proline. In addition to proline, high concentrations of sugars may serve as osmoprotectants. M. obovatum also showed lower photosynthetic capacity and was under chronic photoinhibition. Here, arginine may have a function as osmoprotectant. The ecophysiological differences between the three species are not related to local abundance. However, the observations presented highlight a contrasting behaviour of the otherwise very similar compatriot species.

Abbreviations DBH = diameter at breast height. Nomenclature APG III 2009