Two nematode species are redescribed from the type host species Holochilus chacarius Thomas (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae) and from the type locality of 1 of them, i.e., Ingenio San Martín de Tabacal, Salta Province, Argentina. Rodents were deposited at the Colección Mamíferos Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina. Litomosoides patersoni (Mazza, 1928) (Onchocercidae) possesses a buccal capsule with irregular external walls, a buccal cavity smooth, becoming thinner near the oral opening, a complete set of head papillae, 3-6 pairs of cloacal papillae, and the " sigmodontis " type of spicules. Filarioids were found in 3 of 17 examined hosts. Stilestrongylus stilesi Freitas, Lent, and Almeida, 1937 (Heligmonellidae), whose description was based on male specimens, was found in all 17 of the examined hosts. Here, we describe the female and the synlophe of both sexes. Females are characterized by a short uterus with less than 25 eggs, short ovejector, short and conical tail, and the posterior extremity strongly invaginated in a cuticular expansion usually harboring 1 to several eggs. The synlophe is characterized by 29-31 sub-equal cuticular ridges at the mid-body, with single (in males) or double (in females) axis of orientation of the ridges. The present work validates and enlarges the original descriptions of both species and assigns the specimens from L. patersoni, recovered from the type locality and the type host species, as neotypes.

Insects express diverse behavioral rhythms synchronized to environmental cycles. While circadian entrainment to light-dark cycles is ubiquitous in living organisms, synchronization to non-photic cycles may be critical for hematophagous bugs that depend on rhythmic hosts. The purpose was to determine whether Triatoma infestans are capable of synchronizing to the circadian rhythms of potential hosts with temporally distinct activity patterns; and, if so, if this synchronization occurs through masking or entrainment. Precise synchronization with the food source may be critical for the insects' survival due to the specific predatory or defensive nature of each host. Kissing bugs were housed in a compartment in constant dark, air-flow-connected to another compartment with a nocturnal or a diurnal host; both hosts were synchronized to a light-dark cycle. The activity rhythms of kissing bugs were modulated by the daily activity rhythms of the vertebrates. Effects were a decrease in the endogenous circadian period, independent of the host being nocturnal or diurnal; in some cases relative coordination occurred and in others synchronization was clearly achieved. Moreover, splitting and bimodality arose, phenomena that were also affected by the host presence. The results indicate that T. infestans were able to detect the non-photic cycle of their potential hosts, an ability that surely facilitates feeding and hinders predation risk. Understanding triatomines behavior is of fundamental importance to the design of population control methods.

BackgroundTriatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is the main vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, in South America. Active dispersal of this vector is the principal cause of recolonization of human dwellings previously treated with insecticides. Due to the persistence of vector populations and their movement between habitats, dispersive behavior studies are important for understanding the epidemiology of Chagas disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship among T. infestans females’ activity levels according to their physiological conditions.ResultsTwo groups of insects were used, unfed and fed females. Each was composed of three subgroups in relation to the reproductive state: fifth-stage nymphs, virgin and fertilized females. There was a significant interaction between reproductive and nutritional states among T. infestans female’ activity levels. During the experiments, unfed and fed nymphs remained inactive. Virgin females showed a dual behavior in their movement; fasted insects were more active. Fertilized females, both fed and unfed, were always active.ConclusionThe reproductive and nutritional conditions of T. infestans females affect their activity levels. When females with different reproductive states remained together, fertilized females showed permanent activity levels, suggesting that this subgroup of females represents the highest epidemiological risk as colonizers of human dwellings.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3117-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.