RESUMENDurante la pasada década se ha incrementado el interés de los medios de comunicación y de la sociedad civil española por la "memoria histórica", interés que se ha puesto de manifiesto, entre otras cosas, en algunos debates relacionados con el pasado reciente . En estos debates han participado historiadores profesionales y otros actores sociales, desde escritores y directores de cine a ciudadanos activistas. El presente ensayo analiza una de las interminables polémicas que tuvo lugar en la primavera de 2010 con el fin de destacar algunos problemas estructurales, especialmente la tendencia de parte de los creadores de opinión -incluidos historiadores académicos que actúan como figuras mediáticas-a monopolizar el derecho de "contar el pasado" a partir de la ingenua reivindicación de que el conocimiento histórico profesional procede de la verdad factual. La primera parte del ensayo aborda el papel de los historiadores y la historia académica en los medios. La segunda analiza la posición etnocéntrica que adoptan algunos intelectuales liberales españoles cuando se enfrentan a la internacionalización de la justicia transicional. La tercera parte critica la manera en la que los "intelectuales mediáticos" en España impiden la discusión verdaderamente democrática del pasado colectivo.
Although part of a wider cultural and political phenomenon in world democracies, the revival movement on memory from traumatic past events has in the case of Spain strong contextual bearings. Drawing on the concept of ‘regimes of memory’, this article discusses two successive patterns of supply and demand of discourse and policies on memory from the end of the 1936–1939 Civil War to the beginning of the twenty-first century. Describing the rhetoric of ‘total victory’ under Franco's dictatorship, and later of ‘collective and shared guilt’ under democracy, it outlines a dialectics between hegemonic and non-hegemonic discourses on collective trauma that helps explain the rise and decline of regimes of memory in general, as well as the current orientation of public debates in Spain towards a new regime of memory based on a claim for ‘instituted remembrance’ of the traumatic past.
Resumen: A partir de un ejemplo de cultura underground de mediados de los años setenta, este texto reflexiona sobre los límites de las narrativas convencionales y críticas sobre la instauración de la democracia en España debido a su sesgo politológico y plantea la existencia de un metarrelato sociológico subyacente común. Su fundamento es una representación de la clase media como estrato social que suaviza el conflicto social y garantiza la modernización económica y política. El artículo desvela una parte del proceso de cristalización, a partir de legados anteriores, de un discurso mesocrático en la cultura española durante la dictadura franquista, al que contribuyeron al unísono intelectuales favorables y contrarios al régimen, así como los primeros sociólogos académicos.Palabras Clave: Cultura underground, generación, transición.Abstract: After describing an example of radical culture from the mid-1970s, this text reflects on the limits of the conventional and critical narratives on the establishment of democracy in Spain and points to a sociological metanarrative underlying them all. Such metanarrative is founded in a representation of the middle class as a social layer capable of smoothening social conflict and securing economic and political modernization. The article reveals part of the process of cristallization of a mesocratic discourse in Spanish culture that, following previous legacies, took place during Franco´s dictatorship and which profitted from contributions by anti and pro-regime intellectuals, including the first generation of academic sociologists.Key Words: Underground Culture, Spanish Transition, Generation.
SUMMARY:The image of the crowd as an irrational, spontaneous multitude is commonly related to the works of a first generation of social psychologists writing in the early twentieth century, yet its basic features can be found in conceptual innovations developed as early as the Enlightenment. This article focuses on a particular protest in eighteenth-century Spain in order to reflect on the transformation in the meaning of essential terms which occurred in the semantic field of disorder. The so-called motín de Esquilache of 1766 forced the authorities to renew their discourse in order to deprive the movement of legitimacy, fostering semantic innovation. The redefinition of riot implied a process of conceptualization that not only stressed the protagonism of the disenfranchized but also altered a long-established tradition that linked riots to conspiracies and devised a new anthropology depicting the populace as a subject unable to produce ideas on its own.
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