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Reactive oxygen species, if produced in excess by oxidative phosphorylation, contributes to mitochondrial DNA damage and progressive respiratory chain dysfunction, leading to various diseases including carcinogenesis. Mitochondria are susceptible to oxidative stress (OS) owing to lack of introns, protective histones, and DNA repair enzymes. However, mitochondria are protected from OS by numerous antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), catalase, glutaredoxin 2 (GLRX2), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and thioredoxin 2 (TXN2). To obtain insights regarding expression of these mitochondrial antioxidants in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we performed qualitative and quantitative estimations of key molecular players of mitochondrial antioxidants during various stages of OSCC by immunoblotting with specific antibodies against antioxidant enzymes and/or biochemical assays. Different mitochondrial antioxidants varied in their expression levels as OSCC progressed. The levels of GPX1, GPX4, and catalase reduced with progression of OSCC. However, GLRX2, PXR3, TXN2, and reduced GSH gradually increased. Expression of SOD2 decreased initially in Stages II and III of OSCC but increased in Stage IV. In conclusion, our findings indicate a complex interplay of various mitochondrial antioxidants in different stages of OSCC, and further insights regarding these molecular players can help us better understand the pathogenesis of OSCC in context of mitochondrial redox status.

AimTo validate the caries risk profiles in 5- and 12-year-old school-going children and to single out main contributing factor, if any, using cariogram over a period of 1 year.Materials and methodsA cariogram model was used to create caries risk profiles on 499 children aged 5 and 12 years ±6 months. They were divided into 2 groups. The group I and group II consisted of 250 and 249 children respectively. Re-examination was done after 1 year and caries increment was recorded. The caries risk profiles generated by the cariogram software were compared with caries increment.ResultsPercentage of subject having caries increment in groups I and II in high-, medium-, and low-risk group after 1 year was 66.2, 39.5, and 13%, and 48.5, 27.3, and 13.9% respectively. The mean caries increment after 1 year in groups I and II in high-, medium-, and low-risk patients was 0.96, 0.49, and 0.13, and 0.7, 0.36, and 0.11 respectively. Linear regression analysis showed dental caries, diet content, diet frequency, plaque index, Streptococcus mutans count, fluoride, salivary flow rate, and buffer capacity are significantly associated with actual chance to avoid caries.ConclusionThe risk of developing new carious lesions consistently reduced from high-risk category to low-risk category, reflecting the cariogram ability in accurately estimating future caries. Hence, cariogram can be said to be a useful tool for caries prediction. Initial dental caries came out to be the strongest predictor of future caries.How to cite this article: Garg A, Madan M, Dua P, Saini S, Mangla R, Singhal P, Dupper A. Validating the Usage of Car-iogram in 5- and 12-year-old School-going Children in Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India: A 12-month Prospective Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(2):110-115.

Introduction:All good tissue specimen preparations require complete fixation. The process of tissue handling and processing from patient to paraffin block is too frequently invisible to the pathologists. Many times due to certain emergencies or unavailability of a proper fixative, tissues are kept in different carrying media such as normal saline (NS) or local anesthetic till the availability of a proper fixative solution. This fixation delay can lead to various tissue architectural changes which can affect its diagnostic value.Aims:The aim of this study was to assess sectioning ability, staining intensity and microscopic details of tissues kept in different carrying media at different time intervals followed by standard fixation.Materials and Methods:Fresh tissue specimen, i.e., goat tongue was collected and its middle portion was retained and was used for study purpose. The tissue was grossed and kept in various carrying media for five different time intervals. Standard formaldehyde fixation was then carried out followed by sectioning and staining. The sections were evaluated histologically under light microscope.Statistical Analysis:For sectioning parameter, Fisher's exact test and for staining and microscopic details, Mann–Whitney U-test was used.Results:According to the study, NS is considered as a best carrying media followed by 10% honey and local anesthetic. Two percent hydrogen peroxide cannot be used as a carrying media.Conclusion:It was concluded that NS should be given first preference as a carrying media till the availability of a suitable fixative. Clinicians and Pathologists should have to familiarize themselves with the advantages and disadvantages of using various carrying media and the histomorphometric changes associated with delayed fixation which may lead to incorrect diagnosis.