Malaria is a chronic disease having large prevalence in tropical and subtropical countries. CD35 protein density on RBCs determines susceptibility to P. falciparum infection. In our population, complement receptor Type-1 (CD35) gene polymorphism determine the density of CD35 protein on RBCs. As we know, CD35 protein is an adhesion protein for P. falciparum and high density confer chances to infection. Polymorphism of CR1 (CD35) gene, SNP Intron 27 (T520C) in our population reveals three genotypes HH, HL and LL. Genotype HL (P=0.0298*) frequent distributed in population and showing association between case and control. In our population LL genotype have protective effect for P. falciparum infection whereas HH, and HL genotype confer high density of CD35 protein on RBCs surface. The frequency of H allele (in case=65.47%, control=55.38%) is high in comparison to L alleles (in case =34.52%, control = 44.61%). Frequency of H and L allele (P= 0.0241*) significantly associated but not carriage rate (P=0.2127) between case and control population. Elevated TNF-α level in blood serum reveals quantity of infection level and having strong association (P<0.0001 ***) with P. falciparum malarial infection.

The Glutathione S-transferase are a family of phase II isoenzymes, believed to protect cells from reactive chemical intermediates and oxidative stress, resulting from a wide range of electrophilic xenobiotics (Example-PAH) and endogenous intermediates. Inheritance of null (gene deletion) alleles of the GSTM1 (chromosome 1p 13.3) genes is common in the population varies by ethnicity and is associated with the loss of enzymatic activity and cytogenetic damage. The studies have linked the gene deletion of GSTM1 to susceptibility to various cancers, including lung, bladder, Head, Neck, Colon and basal cell carcinoma. Variation in metabolism of carcinogens could increase or decrease exposure of cells to carcinogens. Ethnic variation in cancer incidence and mortality may be due in part because of differences in the distribution of polymorphisms, as well as differences in environmental and dietary exposures.

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With the aging of the population chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become one of the most common noncommunicable disease in the world as well as a leading cause of mortality. The present study was designed to describe the clinicodemographic profile of CKD patients and its manifestations on oral cavity and throat in central India, Madhya Pradesh (M.P.). This was a cross sectional, analytic study conducted in the Department of Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Hospital (SHMH), associated with Shyam Shah Medical College (SSMC), Rewa, in the central India, M.P. between February 2019 and August 2020.Data of 127 patients with CKD were recorded and studied. The mean age of patients was 50.86±17.28 yr, 70.07 percent males and 29.93 percent female’s .84.70 percent were from rural area, mostly having >1 month of duration of CKD. 74.02% patients were in stage 5 of CKD, all on dialysis. 44.09% were associated with diabetes & 72.44% with hypertension. Most patients have Serum urea levels of >101 mg/dl with a mean level of 146.85 mg/dl, serum creatinine of >5mg/dl in most patients, serum hemoglobin levels of <7gm% in 54.33% and most have albuminuria.