<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The aim of the study was to highlight the varied and changing presentations of head and neck tuberculosis, discuss the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This was a 5 years retrospective analysis of patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) of the head and neck region.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> 43 patients with EPTB were studied. Most had cervical lymphadenopathy (35), 9 had laryngeal, 7 tuberculous otitis media, and one patient each of PNS, oropharyngeal and retropharyngeal involvement. 8 patients had pulmonary TB, 2 had Potts spine, and 5 gave history of previous TB. FNAC was effective in nodal disease, PPD test positive in 20% and HPE was used to make the diagnosis in other types.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> TB is re-emerging as a significant cause of morbidity. Diagnosing EPTB requires high index of suspicion. Cervical lymphadenopathy is the commonest presentation, followed by larynx, and then ear. FNAC is a reliable and convenient way to diagnose lymphadenopathy. Hitopathological examination needed for confirmation, and for other sites. Further investigations are needed to exclude pulmonary or systemic TB. All patients should be categorised into proper category of anti-tuberculous treatment (ATT) and treated according to ATT regimen.</p>

Tonsillectomy is one of the commonest operations performed by Otolaryngologists. Various methods of tonsillectomy have been practiced over the century aimed at reducing or eliminating intraoperative and postoperative morbidity. Aim: To compare the mean operative time, mean blood loss, post operative pain and complications in tonsillectomy using bipolar cautery and diode laser, versus conventional cold steel dissection tonsillectomy. Materials and Methods: A prospective, randomised controlled study of 90 patients to compare three tonsillectomy techniques: diode laser, bipolar cautery and classical cold dissection, from May 2016 to October 2019. Results: The operative time, blood loss and pain were significantly lower with tonsillectomy using bipolar cautery and diode laser tonsillectomy than with cold dissection tonsillectomy. Bipolar dissection took the shortest time on an average, whereas blood loss was the least with Diode Laser tonsillectomy. Post operative pain increased in the Laser group by the 5 th day. Conclusion: Both bipolar and diode laser tonsillectomy are associated with significantly reduced blood loss, shorter operative times and less post operative pain compared with cold dissection tonsillectomy. But there was no significant difference seen regarding the postoperative pain when comparing both the surgical methods, by the end of one week.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Chronic suppurative otitis media is an inflammation of the mucoperiosteal lining of the middle ear cleft. 10% of Indian population suffers from hearing impairment. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The study comprises of 60 patients admitted in the department of ENT and head and neck surgery, AJIMS, Mangalore between June 2015 and May 2017. All patients suffered from CSOM, tubotympanic type. Selection criteria was patients with CSOM, TTD type with no or minimal SNHL, AB gap more than 20dB, absence of ossicular defects, no history of previous ear surgery and was operated on worse hearing ear. Exclusion criteria were atticoantral disease, ossicular defects, previous ear surgery, otomycosis and systemic diseases.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The majority of the patients were between the age group of 20-40 years. Out of the 60 patients, 28 were male and 32 female. 8 patients with moderate size and 20 with large perforations underwent underlay myringoplasty. For onlay corresponding numbers were 17 and 13. 26 patients (86.7%) who underwent underlay and 27 patients (90%) who underwent overlay had good hearing improvement. 43.3% of the group had significant hearing improvement at 6 months follow up. 20 patients had pneumatised and 40 patients had sclerotic mastoids in the study. Graft take up was 90% for underlay and 96.6% for overlay. The hearing loss was more with larger perforations.18 patients with large perforations who underwent underlay had good hearing improvement versus 13 for overlay whereas for moderate perforations, only 8 patients had good hearing improvement for underlay versus 15 for overlay. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The hearing improvement obtained with underlay and overlay myringoplasty are comparable. The cellularity of mastoid has no influence on the hearing improvement. The size of the perforation correlates well with the degree of hearing loss. Underlay myringoplasty seems to give better results for large perforations, overlay for moderate sized ones.</span></p><p class="abstract"> </p>