The overall system revision rate for patients with TPS at 24 months was 1.4%, 75% lower than that for patients with TVPs. TPS was disabled and left in situ in 64% of revisions, and percutaneous retrieval was successful as late as 14 months postimplant.

Leadless Implant Procedure. Two major studies have shown that leadless pacemakers are safe and effective for patients requiring right ventricular rate responsive pacing therapy. This positive result recently led to FDA approval of one of the available leadless pacing devices. While this new technology is promising, it requires a different skill set for safe implantation. In this article, we review in detail the different steps required for implantation of tine-based leadless pacemakers while providing tips and tricks to minimize

BackgroundThe introduction of transcatheter pacemaker technology has the potential to significantly reduce if not eliminate a number of complications associated with a traditional leaded pacing system. However, this technology raises new questions regarding how to manage the device at end of service, the number of devices the right ventricle (RV) can accommodate, and what patient age is appropriate for this therapy. In this study, six human cadaver hearts and one reanimated human heart (not deemed viable for transplant) were each implanted with three Micra devices in traditional pacing locations via fluoroscopic imaging.MethodsA total of six human cadaver hearts were obtained from the University of Minnesota Anatomy Bequest Program; the seventh heart was a heart not deemed viable for transplant obtained from LifeSource and then reanimated using Visible Heart® methodologies. Each heart was implanted with multiple Micras using imaging and proper delivery tools; in these, the right ventricular volumes were measured and recorded. The hearts were subsequently dissected to view the right ventricular anatomies and the positions and spacing between devices.ResultsMultiple Micra devices could be placed in each heart in traditional, clinically accepted pacing implant locations within the RV and in each case without physical device interactions. This was true even in a human heart considered to be relatively small.ConclusionsAlthough this technology is new, it was demonstrated here that within the human heart's RV, three Micra devices could be accommodated within traditional pacing locations: with the potential in some, for even more.

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