A detailed study of the variation in productivity across a diversity gradient in an experimental Mediterranean grassland examines the effects of a dominant perennial grass species upon the overall diversity–productivity relationship. The experiment took place at the Greek site of the European‐wide BIODEPTH programme. The experimental design is characterized by the use of a number of communities containing annuals and perennials within the total set of manipulated plots. The main results are: 1) a log‐linear relationship between diversity and productivity exists in Mediterranean grasslands synthesized by annuals only, 2) in mixed communities where multiple growth forms coexist, the performance of a dominant or keystone species may reverse or hide the diversity–productivity pattern of a functional or growth form group of species taken separately, and 3) the introduction of the dominant grass in the low‐diversity mixtures creates an ‘inverted’ sampling effect which can produce as an artefact a constant productivity response across the diversity gradient.

During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, management authorities of numerous Protected Areas (PAs) had to discourage visitors from accessing them in order to reduce the virus transmission rate and protect local communities. This resulted in social-ecological impacts and added another layer of complexity to managing PAs. This paper presents the results of a survey in Snowdonia National Park capturing the views of over 700 local residents on the impacts of COVID-19 restrictions and possible scenarios and tools for managing tourist numbers. Lower visitor numbers were seen in a broadly positive way by a significant number of respondents while benefit sharing issues from tourism also emerged. Most preferred options to manage overcrowding were restricting access to certain paths, the development of mobile applications to alert people to overcrowding and reporting irresponsible behavior. Our findings are useful for PA managers and local communities currently developing post-COVID-19 recovery strategies.

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The identification of research questions with high relevance for biodiversity conservation is an important step towards designing more effective policies and management actions, and to better allocate funding among alternative conservation options. However, the identification of priority questions may be influenced by regional differences in biodiversity threats and social contexts, and to variations in the perceptions and interests of different stakeholders. Here we describe the results of a prioritization exercise involving six types of stakeholders from the Mediterranean biome, which includes several biodiversity hotspots spread across five regions of the planet (Europe, Africa, North and South America, and Australia). We found great heterogeneity across regions and stakeholder types in the priority topics identified and disagreement among the priorities of research scientists and other stakeholders. However, governance, climate change, and public participation issues were key topics in most regions. We conclude that the identification of research priorities should be targeted in a way that integrates the spectrum of stakeholder interests, potential funding sources and regional needs, and that further development of interdisciplinary studies is required. The key questions identified here provide a basis to identify priorities for research funding aligned with biodiversity conservation needs in this biome.

Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude expérimentale concernant les effets de la richesse spécifique et fonctionnelle ainsi que de la composition fonctionnelle sur les traits structurels et les processus écosystémiques de pelouses méditerranéennes synthétiques. L'étude fait partie du projet multinational BIODEPTH. 1. Les processus écosystémiques et les traits structuraux de la végétation des pelouses manipulées répondent de manière différente à la variation des composantes de la diversité de ces communautés. La production de biomasse ne répond pas de façon significative à la variation de la diversité. Au contraire, la décomposition rapide, le pourcentage de recouvrement végétal et l'index de surface foliaire (LAI) montrent une réponse puissante et curvilinéaire aux variations de la richesse spécifique. 2. Les différents descripteurs de la productivité (pourcentage de recouvrement végétal, LAI et biomasse) répondent de façon différente aux variations de la diversité. Ainsi, des mesures directes de la productivité semblent plus appropriées afin d'acquérir des données robustes sur la relation diversité-productivité dans ces écosystèmes. 3. La composition spécifique engendre des effets importants sur la variation de la production épigée et souterraine de biomasse, la hauteur de la végétation et la décomposition. L'identité des espèces semble ainsi avoir une importance significative dans la détermination de la performance globale des processus écosystémiques de ces pelouses.