Problem We aimed to investigate the main causes of recurrent miscarriage (RM) in patients with losses after spontaneous gestation (SG) and after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Method of Study A prospective case‐control study was conducted. The eligible patients were women who had experienced two or more consecutive abortions after <12 weeks’ gestation, two consecutive losses after SG, or two consecutive losses after IVF. All patients were subjected to the following evaluations: karyotyping of the aborted material, alloimmune and autoimmune marker testing, and acquired and hereditary thrombophilia marker testing. Results In total, 58 patients were eligible: 32 patients with RM after SG and 26 patients with RM after IVF. The factors associated with RM were genetic (29%), immune (14%), thrombophilic (21%), and thrombophilic and immune (24%), and only 12% of the cases were idiopathic. Comparing the two study groups (SG and IVF), all studied factors were similar, except for a higher ANA positivity observed in the SG group (SG 30.4% vs IVF 5.3%, OR 8.6 (CI 1.1‐21.1, P .048). Conclusion Our study identified the possibly factors associated with recurrent miscarriage in 86% of the cases, and these factors appear to be similar in patients with recurrent miscarriage after spontaneous gestation and IVF. This study demonstrates that IVF with PGT‐A with euploid embryo transfer could reduce abortions by up to 29%, but other factors need to be investigated even in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization.

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Stressors and traumatic events may contribute in the development of many psychopathologies, especially Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD. People with this disorder can present significant memory loss, particularly in Autobiographical Memory (AM). This paper aims to present a systematic review of the literature regarding the changes in the Autobiographical Memory in people exposed to potentially traumatic stressors. Therefore a research in the databases PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science and Pilots was performed during March 2012. A total of 29 articles were selected. Results demonstrate that people with PTSD present alterations in a larger number of AM components compared to the cases where PTSD did not develop the disorder. In the same way, subjects who were never exposed to trauma did not demonstrate significant AM alterations when compared to the other groups. The results indicate that the changes in AM are primarily associated with PTSD, yet it was not possible to clarify whether such changes are related to the timely development of the disorder or if they are also observed in traumatic memories even in the absence of the disorder.

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Objective: The study looked into the possible influence of GDF9 polymorphisms on ovarian response in women with a normal ovarian reserve undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 67 women with normal ovarian reserve aged 30-39 years submitted to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF. We sequenced four polymorphisms in the GDF9 gene (C398G, C447T, G546A, and G646A) and analyzed their influence on follicular and oocyte outcomes. Results: The mutant allele C398G decreased the total number of follicles >17mm (6.49 vs. 4.33, p =0.001), total number of follicles (10.11 vs. 7.33, p =0.032), number of MII oocytes retrieved, and serum progesterone levels on trigger day. The C447T polymorphism was associated with a greater number of follicles between 12 and 14 mm on the day of r-hCG, while the G546A polymorphism was associated with lower serum progesterone levels on trigger day. Conclusions: GDF9 gene polymorphisms C398G and C447T adversely affected ovarian response in women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. These findings show that in addition to playing a role in the early stages of folliculogenesis, GDF9 polymorphisms have an important impact on the final stage of oocyte development.