The term ‘Antiviral agents’ has been defined in very broad terms as substances other than a virus or virus containing vaccine or specific antibody which can produce either a protective or therapeutic effect to the clear detectable advantage of the virus infected host. The herbal medicine has a long traditional use and the major advantage over other medicines is their wide therapeutic window with rare side effects. There are some disadvantages of synthetic drugs like narrow therapeutic window and more importantly the various adverse side effects which occur quite frequently. Due to these disadvantages and other limitations, there is an increasing trend in the field of research for discovering new and noble drugs based on various herbal formulations. This review attempts to address the importance of developing therapeutic herbal formulations from various medicinal plants using the knowledge based on traditional system of medicines, the Ayurveda. Although natural products have been used by civilization since ancient times, only in recent decades has there been growing research into alternative therapies and the therapeutics use of natural products, especially those derived from plants. Plants synthesize and preserve a variety of biochemical products, many of which are extractable and used for various scientific investigations. Therefore, medicinal plants proved to be a major resort for the treatment of diseases and sicknesses by traditional healers in many societies

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Reducing volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from crude oil/gasoline distribution and storage facilities is important in controlling environmental pollution and enhancing workplace safety. Stable aqueous foam formulations are developed to provide a mass transfer barrier to the emission of VOCs during loading of gasoline. Experiments are carried out in a bench-scale foam cell using liquid hexane as oil. The foam columns of 32 cm in height were able to suppress the plateau concentration of hexane vapors in the effluent by 87% under experimental conditions tested. Vapor suppression increased with foam height but was almost insensitive to liquid viscosity. These experiments are then upscaled from bench-scale to a vessel having an exposed surface area of roughly 2 orders of magnitude higher. Gasoline is used as oil in the upscaled experiments, and the concentrations of volatile hydrocarbons in the effluent are measured during oil loading. A 40-cm-thick foam column is found to reduce the emissions by 96% for foams prepared with deionized water and by 93.8% for foams prepared with 3.5 wt % NaCl brine for 10 h of oil loading.

Over the last two decades, scientific communities have been more interested in turning organic waste materials into bioenergy. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) can degrade organic wastewater and produce electrical power. Many constraints have limited the development of MFC. Among them, the anode biofilm development is one of the significant constraints that need to be improved. This review delineates the role of various biological components in the development of electroactive biofilm. The current article focuses on the numerous electron exchange methods for microbiome-induced electron transfer activity, the different proteins, and secretory chemicals involved in electron transfer. This study also focuses on several proteomics and genomics methodologies that have been adopted and developed to improve the extra electron transfer mechanism in electroactive bacteria. Recent advances and publications on synthetic biology and genetic engineering in investigating the direct and indirect electron transport phenomena have also been highlighted. This review helps the reader to understand the recent development in the genetic manipulations of the biofilm, electrode material modifications, EET mechanisms, and operational strategies for improving anode performance. This review also discusses the challenges in present technology and the future direction for improving biofilm production at the anode.