Background: According to Contrast Avoidance Model, those suffering from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are afraid of severe emotional changes such as the transition from a good or neutral position to sudden unhappiness following a negative event. Also, the model shows that persistent worrying can be used to maintain negative emotions as a means of preventing a sudden change to negative in people with GAD. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the General Emotion Questionnaire-Contrast Avoidance Model (GEQ-CAM). Methods: Early, the GEQ was translated into Persian according to the translation instructions and using multistage cluster sampling. Initially, five universities located in Tehran were randomly selected, then from each of them, three different colleges were selected for the academic year of 2020. Afterward, 50 cases with GAD were selected using the convenience sampling method, yielding a total sample size of 576 (526 students and 50 cases with GAD). Results: General Emotion Questionnaire has an excellent level of internal consistency (α = 0.973) and test-retest reliability (0.986). This questionnaire indicated a positive and significant correlation with Penn State Worry Questionnaire (r = 0.804) and GAD-7 (r = 0.727), which indicates its appropriate convergent validity. Also, confirmatory factor analysis supported its 2-factor structure. Conclusions: In accordance with previous studies, the findings suggested that psychometric properties of the Persian version of the General Emotion Questionnaire-Contrast Avoidance Model are acceptable; hence, this questionnaire can be used for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes.

BACKGROUND: Resilience is both the individuals’ capacity to navigate their way to the resources that sustain their well-being in the context of exposure to adversity and their capacity to negotiate for resources to be accessed. Hence, it is crucial for clinical settings and research centers to have access to a valid and reliable scale that can measure different components of resilience. This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties and cultural adaptation of the Persian version of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-revised (CYRM-R) in Children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study includes the standard procedure of translation of the CYRM-R and Person Most Knowledgeable–Child and Youth Resilience Measure–revised (PMK-CYRM-R), exploration of the goodness-of-fit, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of a sample of 200 parents or caregivers and their children aged 5 to 9 years who were selected by convenient sampling in Tehran, Iran. CYRM-R, PMK-CYRM-R, and The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were completed by participants. Also, internal consistency, face, content, and criterion validity were investigated. RESULTS: A two-factor structure of CYRM-R for Iranian children was identified by CFA: Personal and Caregiver. Results indicated adequate goodness-of-fit and strong internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88). Acceptable face, content, and criterion validity of the CYRM-R were reported by positive correlation to the PMK-CYRM-R. No significant relation was found between CYRM-R and SDQ. CONCLUSION: Findings of the present study support the robust psychometric properties and cultural adaptation of the CYRM-R in Iranian children.

Background: According to the Wagnild model, resilience as an initial trait is critical in overcoming challenges and protecting wellbeing. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties and cultural adaptation of the Persian version of the Resilience Scale (RS), including validity, reliability, and factor analysis in the adolescent population. Methods: The scale was translated and adapted using a standard method and a pilot study after receiving permission from the original author. This cross-sectional study investigated the face, content, criterion validity, construct validity, and reliability of RS. A sample of 419 adolescents aged 12 - 18 was selected by convenient sampling in Tehran, Iran. The subjects completed the RS, Beck depression inventory-II, and Mental Health Continuum Questionnaire. Results: The quantitative and qualitative analyses of scale items and modifying them based on the feedback of participants and experts showed that face and content validity was acceptable. Factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure described by Wagnild and Young, including personal competence and acceptance of self and life. Moreover, Cronbach’s alpha exceeded 0.84, showing the scale has strong internal consistency. There was also a significant negative correlation between RS and the total score of the depression inventory. At the same time, there was a positive correlation between RS and the score of the mental health questionnaire, indicating acceptable criterion validity. Conclusions: Persian version of the RS can be considered a valid and reliable instrument to measure resilience in adolescent populations. Therefore, researchers and mental health professionals can use it for therapeutic, preventive, and research purposes.

Purpose This study explores the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure–Revised (CYRM‐R) in adolescent population. Method A sample of 323 Iranian adolescents (12–18 years old) completed the CYRM‐R, Resilient Scale (RS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI‐II), and Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC‐SF). Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to investigate the goodness of fit. Face, content, concurrent validity, and internal consistency were evaluated. Results The results showed acceptable face and content validity. Goodness‐of‐fit was adequate and internal consistency (Cronbach's α exceeded .883) was strong. The CYRM‐R score correlated positively to the RS and MHC‐SF total score and negatively to the total score of BDI‐II, supporting the scale's concurrent validity. In addition, Factor analysis confirmed the two‐factor structure of this measure. Conclusion The Persian version of the CYRM‐R presents adequate psychometric properties. It is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to assess resilience in adolescents.

Background: According to the Wagnild model, resilience as an initial trait is critical in overcoming challenges and protecting wellbeing. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties and cultural adaptation of the Persian version of the Resilience Scale (RS), including validity, reliability, and factor analysis in the adolescent population. Methods: The scale was translated and adapted using a standard method and a pilot study after receiving permission from the original author. This cross-sectional study investigated the face, content, criterion validity, construct validity, and reliability of RS. A sample of 419 adolescents aged 12 - 18 was selected by convenient sampling in Tehran, Iran. The subjects completed the RS, Beck depression inventory-II, and Mental Health Continuum Questionnaire. Results: The quantitative and qualitative analyses of scale items and modifying them based on the feedback of participants and experts showed that face and content validity was acceptable. Factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure described by Wagnild and Young, including personal competence and acceptance of self and life. Moreover, Cronbach’s alpha exceeded 0.84, showing the scale has strong internal consistency. There was also a significant negative correlation between RS and the total score of the depression inventory. At the same time, there was a positive correlation between RS and the score of the mental health questionnaire, indicating acceptable criterion validity. Conclusions: Persian version of the RS can be considered a valid and reliable instrument to measure resilience in adolescent populations. Therefore, researchers and mental health professionals can use it for therapeutic, preventive, and research purposes.