Placing the operator at the centre of Industry 4.0 design: Modelling and assessing human activities within cyber-physical systems P a ol a F a nt i ni ⇑, M a r t a P i nz on e , M a r c o Ta i s c h

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Abstract-Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) are expected to shape the evolution of production towards the fourth industrial revolution named Industry 4.0. The increasing integration of manufacturing processes and the strengthening of the autonomous capabilities of manufacturing systems make investigating the role of humans a primary research objective in view of emerging social and demographic megatrends. Understanding how the employees can be better integrated to enable increased flexibility in manufacturing systems is a prerequisite to allow technological solutions, as well as humans, to harness their full potential. Humans can supervise and adjust the settings, be a source of knowledge and competences, can diagnose situations, take decisions and several other activities influencing manufacturing performances, overall providing additional degrees of freedom to the systems. This paper, studies two different integration models: Human-in-the-Loop and Human-in-the-Mesh. They are both analysed in the context of four industrial cases of deployment of cyber physical systems in production.

In the current competitive and regulated landscape, manufacturing enterprises struggle to improve their performances, encompassing environmental as well as economic objectives, towards sustainable manufacturing and the future Eco-factories. Experts and scholars have developed more and more indicators, usually referred to as Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), as a mean for steering and controlling the complex factory systems, characterized by dynamic interdependencies among different subsystems and external variables. The present study proposes a synthetic framework to bring back hundreds of environmental and economic KPIs to a few sound intuitive categories, in order to reduce duplications, recuperate meaningfulness and consciousness, facilitate inter and intra-organizational benchmarking. The approach, based on input-output modelling of physical flows (products, materials, energy, emissions, etc.) in manufacturing systems, can be used at different hierarchical levels in the plant and in different factory life-cycle phases (design, operations and re-design). The application of the framework is demonstrated on an extensive review of performance indicators gathered in industrial cases and in the literature

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