a b s t r a c tLandscape changes can lead to bee species loss, what impairs proper landscape level pollination processes, impacting both nature conservation and human welfare. Although landscape heterogeneity can rescue bee communities from collapsing, these insects seem sensitive to reduced functional connectivity, hindering pollen transfer among plants. Our objective was to verify which of these two factors, landscape heterogeneity or functional connectivity, can better explain variations of bee abundance and richness in a fragmented Atlantic Forest region. We sampled flower-visiting bees in 12 landscapes with varying heterogeneity and functional connectivity measured using a Functional Ecological Corridors framework. Both richness and abundance were affected by landscape factors, reaching its highest levels at intermediate levels of functional connectivity in highly heterogeneous landscapes, indicating the existence of strong regime shifts in the system. In low-forested landscapes, conservation actions for pollinating bees should focus on implementing diversified environments with high quality which are interspersed among each other and with native vegetation.
BackgroundIllegal hunting is one of the major threats to vertebrate populations in tropical regions. This unsustainable practice has serious consequences not only for the target populations, but also for the dynamics and structure of tropical ecosystems. Generally, in cases of suspected illegal hunting, the only evidence available is pieces of meat, skin or bone. In these cases, species identification can only be reliably determined using molecular technologies. Here, we reported an investigative study of three cases of suspected wildlife poaching in which molecular biology techniques were employed to identify the hunted species from remains of meat.FindingsBy applying cytochrome b (cyt-b) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) molecular markers, the suspected illegal poaching was confirmed by the identification of three wild species, capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Chaco Chachalaca (Ortalis canicollis) and Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus). In Brazil, hunting is a criminal offense, and based on this evidence, the defendants were found guilty and punished with fines; they may still be sentenced to prison for a period of 6 to 12 months.ConclusionsThe genetic analysis used in this investigative study was suitable to diagnose the species killed and solve these criminal investigations. Molecular forensic techniques can therefore provide an important tool that enables local law enforcement agencies to apprehend illegal poachers.
A perda de habitat e a redução da conectividade na paisagem causam diversos problemas ambientais, como extinções e diminuição da biodiversidade. Restauração ambiental é uma maneira de se mitigar esses efeitos e visa recuperar áreas de habitat naturais, reconectando áreas isoladas de vegetação natural. A quantidade de vegetação no entorno dos fragmentos pode ser um importante indicativo na escolha de áreas, buscando a efetividade da restauração. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a paisagem nas APAs Corumbataí e Piracicaba e nos seus municípios, priorizando áreas para serem restauradas e conservadas. A análise foi baseada nas métricas de conectividade funcional, de acordo com a capacidade de deslocamento de espécies na matriz, e na quantidade de vegetação na paisagem. Paisagens com cobertura vegetal entre 20% e 60% são indicadas para restauração e acima de 60% para conservação. Foi identificada uma importante região de 47.987 ha de cerrado e floresta conectada funcionalmente na área de estudo. Especificamente, de Corumbataí a São Pedro, há um “cinturão” dos últimos remanescentes de cerrado desses municípios, tornando este uma importante região quando se busca a restauração do cerrado no estado de São Paulo. Ademais, em Brotas, Analândia, Itirapina e São Carlos têm-se áreas com grandes porcentagens de vegetação nativa e potencial para conservação, além de outras diversas regiões em toda área de estudo com níveis de vegetação propícios para restauração. Assim, a identificação de áreas com potenciais para restauração pode ser uma importante ferramenta para gestão territorial.
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