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We examined the association between risk of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and seroprevalence of antibodies to echovirus-7 (echo-7) and herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 through a population-based case-control study. We enrolled in a northern Italy area 20 newly diagnosed ALS cases and 20 referents. Risk of ALS was higher in subjects seropositive for echo-7 when we used the immunofluorescent assay, while little increase was noted with the neutralization test. Considering the different characteristics of these two serological assays, these results suggest an association between disease risk and infection with enterovirus (EV) family members (not specifically echo-7). ALS risk was slightly associated with seropositivity of human herpesvirus-6 (odds ratio: 3.2; p = 0.102) and more strongly with human herpesvirus-8 seropositivity (odds ratio: 8.4; p = 0.064), though these point estimates were statistically unstable due to the limited number of observed cases. The findings of this study warrant further investigation in larger studies of the possible etiologic role of EV or herpesvirus infection in sporadic ALS.

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The aim of this study was to analyze (i) phenotype, (ii) in vitro spontaneous and induced apoptosis, (iii) glutathione (GSH) intracellular content and (iv) inhibitors of apoptosis of potential therapeutical use in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV+ long term non progressors (LTNP), in comparison with progressors (HIV+P) and seronegative controls (HIV7). Three groups of subjects were studied: 15 HIV+P (patients losing 4150 CD4+/year), 9 LTNP (subjects infected by HIV for at least 7 years without clinical and immunological signs of progression, with a mean of 898 CD4+/mL) and 18 HIV7. All subjects were living in a large community for former drug addicts, and were matched for age and sex.We used flow cytometry for analyzing PBMC phenotype and apoptosis; high performance liquid chromatography for measuring intracellular GSH content. PBMC phenotype of LTNP shared characteristics with those of both HIV7 and HIV+P. Indeed, LTNP showed a normal number CD4+ cells (an inclusioncriteria),butsignificantlyincreasednumbersofCD8+ lymphocytes, activated T cells, CD19+, CD5+ B lymphocytes and CD57+ cells, as well as a decrease in CD19+, CD57 B lymphocytes and CD16+ cells. In LTNP, spontaneous apoptosis was similar to that of HIV7 and significantly lower than that of HIV+P. Adding interleukin-2 (IL-2) or nicotinamide (NAM)significantlydecreasedspontaneousapoptosisinLTNP and HIV+P. Pokeweed mitogen-induced apoptosis was also similar in LTNP and HIV7, but significantly lower than that of HIV+P. In HIV+P, but also in LTNP, spontaneous apoptosis was inversely correlated to the absolute number and percentage of CD4+ cells and directly correlated to the number and percentageofactivatedTcellspresentinperipheralblood.GSH intracellular content was greatly decreased in PBMC from HIV+P and slightly, but significantly, reduced in LTNP. Adding 2-deoxy-D-ribose, an agent provoking apoptosis through GSH depletion, to quiescent PBMC resulted in similar levels of massive cell death in the three groups. This phenomenon was equally prevented in the three groups by N-acetyl-cysteine but not by IL-2.A complex immunological situation seems to occur in LTNP. Indeed, PBMC from LTNP are characterized by a normal in vitro tendencytoundergoapoptosisdespitethepresenceofastrong activation of theirimmune system,unexpectedly similar tothat of HIV+P. Our data suggest that NAM and IL-2 are possible candidates for reducing spontaneous apoptosis in HIV infection.