Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of an excessive amount of fat mass (FM) in the adipose tissue, subcutaneous, or inside certain organs. The risk does not lie so much in the amount of fat accumulated as in its distribution. Abdominal obesity (central or visceral) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer, having an important role in the so-called metabolic syndrome. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent, detect, and appropriately treat obesity. The diagnosis is based on anthropometric indices that have been associated with adiposity and its distribution. Indices themselves, or a combination of some of them, conform to a big picture with different values to establish risk. Anthropometric indices can be used for risk identification, intervention, or impact evaluation on nutritional status or health; therefore, they will be called anthropometric health indicators (AHIs). We have found 17 AHIs that can be obtained or estimated from 3D human shapes, being a noninvasive alternative compared to X-ray-based systems, and more accessible than high-cost equipment. A literature review has been conducted to analyze the following information for each indicator: definition; main calculation or obtaining methods used; health aspects associated with the indicator (among others, obesity, metabolic syndrome, or diabetes); criteria to classify the population by means of percentiles or cutoff points, and based on variables such as sex, age, ethnicity, or geographic area, and limitations.

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The access to the 3D representation of people's body shape has multiple applications to consumer goods which performance is related to human body dimensions or shape. This is the case of wearables such as clothing, footwear, headgear, orthotics, or equipment/environments such as furniture, transports or workstations. Some of the existing and potential applications of 3D human representations include personalisation, virtual try-on or size allocation for wearables or product configuration/adjustment for equipment/environments.

Since the conduction of the CAESAR survey in the year 2000, more than 20 large-scale national or specific population surveys have been conducted across the world using 3D body scanning technologies of different kind. These surveys have been mainly addressed to the apparel industry and for some cases also for healthcare applications, most of the studies have been based on the use of a set of body measurements typically following ISO 8559 and ISO 7250 definitions.