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The anemia by iron deficiency is a public health problem. To palliate the multiple maternal and fetal consequences, the WHO recommends the iron supplementation during at least 90 days to all pregnant women. The goal of our study is to study the determinants of this consumption in the Kolda area (Senegal). It's the analytical cross-sectional study referred. We use the survey by clusters with 2 levels and it's about all of the women who gave birth in Kolda area between February 2013 and January 2014. The dependent variable was iron consumption during at least 90 days and the independents variables were grouped on personal factors, knowledge and practices. Data were collected during a personal interview face to face. We used logistic regression to identify the determinants of this consumption. The average age of women surveyed in 1442 was 25.5 years. They had knowledge of iron consumption (93%) and the number of antennal consultation (ANC) (66%). The prevalence of pregnant women who consumed iron at least for 90 days was 51%. The factors associated with consumption were schooling (ORa . The prevalence of iron consumption during at least 90 days is low in Kolda area (51%); however, its determinants are identified; we can solve the problem by increasing communicate more about iron supplementation and antenatal consultation.

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The temporal trend and spatial distribution of reference evapotranspiration was investigated across Madagascar for the period of 1980-2010. Air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed were collected from 22 weather stations across the country and were used to estimate daily reference evapotranspiration (ET 0) by the Penman-Monteith equation. Monthly average daily ET 0 and the total annual ET 0 were estimated. The Mann-Kendall test was used for the temporal trend analysis in monthly average daily ET 0 and the total annual ET 0 and the Sen's method was used to estimate the rate of change in ET 0 during the study period. The spline interpolation method was used for spatial interpolation of the variation in annual and monthly average ET 0. The results showed southwest-north East trend in ET 0. Reference evapotranspiration was higher at the western semiarid region than the humid eastern region. ET 0 peaked during the period of September-October. Annual total ET 0 varied from 1,081 mm in Andapa at northeast to 2,239 mm in Antsohihy at northwestern coastal region. Overall, there was an increasing trend in annual total ET 0 ; however, the upward trend was significant only at 7 out of 22 weather station sites while monthly ET 0 did not show consistent trends. This is one of the first comprehensive studies that investigate spatial and temporal dynamics of ET 0 in Madagascar, which can aid in developing appropriate adaptation strategies to improve crop water use and evaporative losses estimates for maintaining or increasing food production while enhancing water use efficiency in the western semiarid regions of Madagascar.

Rabies is still a deadly disease, but it is 100% preventable through vaccination. In 2016, Senegal notified 1214 cases of dog bites. In the same year, the district of Sokone recorded 50 cases of dog bites, of which 31.2% of the cases were notified in the region of Fatick. The objective of this study is to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of communities and healthcare providers when faced with a case of exposure to rabies in Sokone health district. This quantitative estimation study is of a descriptive cross-sectional type, which took place during the third quarter of 2017. It targeted the community and health care providers in the Sokone health district. Three-stage cluster sampling was carried out in the community. The recruitment of healthcare providers has been comprehensive. A questionnaire was administered to the community in the form of individual interviews and another questionnaire was sent to health care providers in the form of self-administration. Knowledge, attitude and practice rating grids were developed for the two categories of interviewees. Data entry and analysis was done with Epi Info 3.5.3 software and R 3.3.1. Out of 813 community members surveyed, 6.8% had already been bitten by an animal. A good level of knowledge about rabies was found in 22.4% of the community members. The attitude to a bite was correct for 94.1%. Of the 38 healthcare providers surveyed, only 5.6% had a good understanding of rabies. No provider knew the indications for rabies vaccination and the post-exposure vaccination schedule. In the Sokone health district, communities knew little about rabies. Healthcare providers who are supposed to inform and supervise them in the fight against rabies know less about it.