No abstract

The study was conducted on 50 samples of coffee beans from various origins. The samples included green coffee beans, roasted beans, brew coffee drinks and coffee sludge. Three processes were used to prepare these samples: dried, semi-washed, and washed. Three synthetic pyrethroid insecticides and nine heavy metals were subsequently analyzed using modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) and acid digestion methods, respectively. The quantification of pyrethroids was performed by GC-µECD whereas those of metals were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. According to the results, concentrations of both pyrethroids and heavy metals were predominantly found in green coffee beans except for Cr. Pyrethroid insecticides were not detectable in brew coffee drink and heavy metal concentrations were below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) level. Risk estimations for daily coffee intake using the health risk indices (HRIs) and target hazard quotients (THQs) of normal and the 97.5 percentile Thai consumers were less than 1. This indicated that the coffee drinks from studied samples could not cause potential health risk.

Domestic poultry are among the non-target species of exposure to fipronil, but limited information is available on the metabolic effects of fipronil exposure in avian. We investigated the comparative capacity of in vitro biotransformation of fipronil among chicken, duck, quail, goose, and rat. Interspecies differences in kinetic parameters were observed; the clearance rate calculations (Vmax/Km) indicated that chicken and duck are more efficient in the cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of fipronil to sulfone than quail, goose and rat. The lower hepatic clearance of fipronil in quail, goose and rat, suggested that fipronil sulfone may serve as a biomarker to indicate fipronil exposure in these species.