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Background: Carcinoma esophagus is the 6th most common cancer in India with an incidence of 5.04% It most commonly affects older age individuals, with incidence peaking in seventh and eighth decades of life. Adenocarcinoma (AC) and Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the two main histological variants. Our aim was to study the risk factors, clinical and epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed with Esophageal Cancer from two tertiary care centres located in North India.Methods:This was a retrospective study carried in departments of gastroenterology of two tertiary care hospitals North India. Data was collected from respective institutes for the previous 1 year i.e. from 1st October 2020 to 30th September 2021. All patients presenting to Gastroenterology OPD or emergency with dysphagia who were diagnosed as having Carcinoma esophagus were included in the study.Results:A total of 106 patients were included in this study. There were 44 females & 66 males. The most common presenting complaint was Dysphagia (48%) followed by Loss of weight (26.4%), Vomiting (in 23.6%) and Odynophagia (22.6%). Involvement of the lower one third of the oesophagus was the most common (37.7%). SCC (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) was the most common type of oesophageal carcinoma in this study, seen approximately in 80% of cases.Conclusion:Our study from North India suggested poor oral hygiene as a strong risk for carcinoma esophagus Males were more commonly affected and SCC was the predominant variant.

Background: Liver diseases are a cause of worldwide morbidity .The course is usually long and has no signs before the development of late stage disease. The only indicative markers are liver enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) during asymptomatic period. There is a paucity of data from our subcontinent regarding the prevalence, risk factors and etiology of asymptomatic chronically raised liver enzymes.The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, risk factors and etiology associated with unexplained chronically raised liver transaminases in patients attending OPD in a tertiary care hospital.Methods:This was a prospective study conducted in the Department of Gastroenterology, MMIMSR, Mullana from July 2019-Dec 2020 in 50 patients who presented with chronically raised liver enzymes. Detailed comprehensive history, physical examination and investigation was done to identify etiology and risk factors associated with raised liver enzymes.Results:566 patients were screenedfor inclusion in the study. The prevalence of raised transaminases in asymptomatic patients was 9.4%. NAFLD was the most common etiology of raised liver transaminases, seen in 70 % of patients followed by Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B. Dyslipidemia was the most important risk factor associated with NAFLD.Conclusion:NAFLD should be kept in mind while dealing patients with unexplained transaminitis. Earlier detection could help halt the progression to chronic liver disease.

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Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are designed to measure the unique patient perspective on an aspect(s) of a disease or the impact of treatment. After the development and validation of a PRO measure, often the next step is to understand how the PRO scores and changes are related to the clinical endpoints in order to better inform and interpret the newly developed PRO for clinician use or to provide greater insights into disease burden or treatment efficacy. Our objective is to review commonly used statistical Methods when assessing the association of PRO and clinical endpoints and to introduce alternate statistical applications. Methods: A review of the literature revealed several statistical Methods used to define and quantify the association between PROs and clinical endpoints including correlation analysis, responder/categorical analysis, linear and logistic regression and receiveroperating curves. However, these methodologies typically examine the relationship at a single time-point, ignoring the longitudinal nature of the study design. Our research will use simulated longitudinal data to examine the association between PROs and clinical endpoints across multiple time-points and introduce alternate applications using mixed-models for repeated measures. We will provide a series of examples based on the simulated data to show how each method uniquely demonstrates the relationship between these endpoints. ConClusion: To help stakeholders understand the relevance of PROs, it is often an important step to assess the association of a PRO to existing clinical endpoints. Our research introduces alternate approaches to examine this association across multiple time-points which account for the longitudinal design found in most trials. CP2 iNTERvENTiONS fOR ULTRA-RARE diSORdERS (URdS) ANd ThE LOgiC Of COST EffECTivENESS