IntroductionTendon injuries represent a significant clinical challenge to orthopaedic surgeons and investigators. Recently, many investigators claimed the beneficial effects of tissue engineering technologies in full-thickness tendon and ligament injuries both in vivo and in vitro. In this regard, several fabrication technologies with various types of biomaterials have been specially developed in recent years. In the present review, designing, fabrication and application of tissue-engineered products accentuating the role of collagen bioimplants in tendon tissue engineering is discussed. Conclusion Tissue engineering methods have not been able to differentiate the unimodal small-sized newly generated collagen fibrils from those of multi-modally differentiated fibrillar sizes of various diameters that are present in the normal tendons of a mature animal.

Gelatin scaffold may be a valuable option in surgical reconstruction of large tendon defects.

Background: Cognitive fusion is a substantial variable of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Recently, various instruments have been developed to assess cognitive fusion, including a version relevant to medical illness referred to as the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire-Chronic Illness (CFQ-CI). Objectives: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of CFQ-CI in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, the Persian version of CFQ-CI and several other measures that assessed self-compassion, depression, and social anxiety symptoms were administered on 195 MS patients in Shiraz Emam Reza Clinic. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), internal consistency, and convergent validity were used for data analysis. Results: EFA revealed a 1-factor model. The Cronbach α was 0.92. As to the convergent validity, CFQ-CI had positive associations with measures of depression and social anxiety and negative associations with self-compassion. Conclusions: Overall, this research supports the psychometric properties of the Persian version of CFQ-CI.