: Medical futility is one of the most common controversial topics in medicine, medical ethics, and philosophy of medicine. Every day, doctors are dealing with patients who are in a condition that must have a decision about requested futile treatment with their own beliefs, opinions, and different demands. This is an important issue that must be taught during teaching courses. Therefore, it is good to provide general policies for teaching how to make the best decision, establishing better communication between doctors and patients, and maintaining their Autonomy. On the other hand, with the interference and expansion of humanistic and holistic attitudes in the treatment of patients, it must be considered that at all treatment levels, especially decisions related to end-of-life, it is better to involve this point of view in our policies. In the present article, we tried to give a general conclusion of general policy and present standards for a humanistic policy by analyzing various countries’ policies and expressing their bugs.

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Background and aims Substance use among adolescents is one of the most challenging behavioral disorders with direct consequences. It is of the essence (that) the prevalence of substance use is investigated among Iranian male adolescents. Methods The present study is a systematic review and meta‐analysis. All published articles titled “prevalence of substance use among Iranian adolescents” authored in Persian and English from 2004 to 2020 on Pub Med, Scopus, SID, and Google Scholar, a top list of academic research databases, were reviewed. Thirty‐three out of 805 articles, hinge on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were eligible. Statistical analysis carried out in STATA 14.0.Q index, I2 index, and χ 2 test were applied. Results Overall prevalence reported with (95% confidence interval) for substance use 7% (4%–11%), methamphetamine 4% (3%–6%), tobacco 10% (3%–19%), and any addictive substances 4% (2%–7%) among male adolescents respectively. Besides, overall prevalence of alcohol consumption reported 10% (8%–11%). Conclusion The prevalence of substance use among male adolescents is high, so it is indispensable for researchers to pay special attention to this issue.

: Donepezil hydrochloride is an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor studied and approved to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, this drug can have positive therapeutic potential in treating different conditions, including various neurodegenerative disorders such as other types of dementia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, psychiatric and mood disorders, and even infectious diseases. Hence, this study reviewed the therapeutic potential of this drug in treating Alzheimer's and other diseases by reviewing the articles from databases including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, and Science Direct. It was shown that donepezil could affect the pathophysiology of these diseases via mechanisms such as increasing the concentration of acetylcholine, modulating local and systemic inflammatory processes, affecting acetylcholine receptors like nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and activating various cellular signaling via receptors like sigma-1 receptors. Despite many therapeutic potentials, this drug has not yet been approved for treating non-Alzheimer's diseases, and more comprehensive studies are needed.

Context: As a contagious acute respiratory disease, COVID-19 was announced by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The clinical manifestation of COVID-19 includes fever, cough, taste/smell loss, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to viral pneumonia. The severity of symptoms varies among patients ranging from asymptomatic to acute pneumonia. Predicting patients at risk and disease severity in the different patients is controversial. The prevention of rapid progression of the disease, better prognosis, and decline of mortality are possible by knowing the risk factors of the disease. There is an essential question about different patients experiencing the infection from asymptomatic to acute disease. Methods: For this study, we searched the databases including ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed with a combination of keywords COVID-19, COVID-19 risk factors, COVID-19 causes, and personalized medicine in COVID-19. All studies related to our study were searched for data collection. Results: The clinical variability of COVID-19 infection is associated with various risk factors like age, sex, comorbidity, lifestyle, virus mutation, host immune response, and genetic background. Conclusions: The studies reported the significant heterogeneity in risk and outcome of COVID-19 infection among patients. Individualized therapy can occur by unraveling various phenotypes and underlying pathobiology of COVID-19 infection.