Lung cancer is an uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissue, with changes in the cellular, epigenetic and genetic alterations, oncogenes activation and clonal evolution of malignant cells. The most critical risk factor for lung cancer is cigarette smoking (80-85%). Other reasons for lung cancer (15-20%) include genetic factors, exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution, radiation, hazardous gases and foreign chemical agents. The most widely used strategies in lung cancer treatment are chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. However, there are various adverse effects, such as significant toxicity, limited efficiency and multidrug resistance. Plants and plant-derived products have proven to have a role in lung cancer therapy and prevention through sensitizing conventional factors, extending patient survival time, avoiding adverse effects of chemotherapy, promoting physiological improvement and ameliorating quality of life in pulmonary malignancy cases. For this review article, we searched Web of Science, EBSCO, Scopus, PubMed/Medline, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), Embase, and Google Scholar, using various keywords. There are several natural product molecules with anticancer properties through many molecular mechanisms, including, inducing apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis, reversion of multidrug resistance and also targeting reactive oxygen species signaling. Some phytochemical compounds are discussed as anticancer agents for lung cancer.

Bipolar disorders are among the most significant neuropsychiatric conditions, affecting many people annually worldwide. Despite being accepted as one of the most effective treatments for this illness, lithium, like any other medicine, is associated with a number of adverse effects. Lithium’s adverse effects are divided into acute and chronic categories. The acute effects include renal, thyroid, and parathyroid dysfunction and hypercalcemia, while the chronic effects involve parathyroid hyperplasia and adenoma, among others. This paper will discuss the physiopathology, prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of lithium’s adverse effects.

Recently, a few different vaccines have been developed to help end the COVID-19 pandemic. These vaccines have made significant progress toward controlling the disease. Multiple factors contribute to the immunity level that these vaccines can stimulate, including sex. The effect of gender on other vaccines’ efficacy has been studied before. The results of these studies are mentioned below. Genetic and hormonal differences between men and women are among the mechanisms suggested for the difference in vaccine efficacy in men and women. Sex hormones play various roles in stimulating or suppressing the immune system. As a result, they are responsible for the intensity and speed at which the vaccine establishes the immune response. In this narrative review study, we discuss the differences in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and safety between the two genders and the reasons for these differences.

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