Abstract. From geomagnetic field observations of CHAMP during [2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009] we extracted characteristic signatures of inter-hemispheric field-aligned currents (IHFACs) in the equatorial ionosphere. The results are in general agreement with previous observations. Nighttime IHFACs are negligibly small. Solstitial IHFACs flow from the summer to winter (from winter to summer) hemisphere at dawn (around noon). Duskside IHFACs flow southbound irrespective of season. We have also found some new IHFAC properties, which may have been predicted by theories, but are not yet given observational support. IHFACs clearly exhibit a longitude dependence, which is modulated by the South Atlantic Anomaly, the offset between geographic and magnetic equators, and tidal waves. IHFACs show little dependence on the solar cycle. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the IHFAC modulation by non-migrating tides.

Since the last review o f this subject, few major developments have taken place with laboratory dyeing equipment but incremental improvements have assisted in increasing the accuracy and effectiveness of such equipment. Laboratory automation, however, has become established at various levels of sophistication. This has greatly improved the limits of accuracy that can be imposed on the laboratory dyeing process with a resultant increase in accuracy and reproducibility. Whilst the above developments are reviewed, the opportunity has been taken to discuss state-of-the-art practices in laboratory dyeing.T M Thompson in 'Dyehouse Laboratory Practice' (Bradford: SDC. 1983).J Park and J Shore, Rev. Prog. Coloration, 12 (1982) 1. J Park and J Shore, Rev. Prog. Coloration, 12 (1982) 43.

We investigated the variation of current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of an organic solar cell (OSC) in the dark and at 9 different light intensities ranging from 0.01 to 1 sun of the AM1.5G spectrum. All three conventional parameters, short-circuit currents (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and Fill factor (FF), representing OSC performance evolved systematically in response to light intensity increase. Unlike Jsc that showed quasi-linear monotonic increase, Voc and FF showed distinctive non-monotonic variations. To elucidate the origin of such variations, we performed extensive simulation studies including Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination losses. Simulation results were sensitive to defect densities, and simultaneous agreement to 10 measured J-V curves was possible only with the defect density of 5 * 1012 cm-3 . Based on analyses of simulation results, we were able to separate current losses into SRH- and radiative-recombination components and, moreover, identify that the competition between SRH- and radiative-loss currents were responsible for the aforementioned variations in Jsc, Voc, and FF. In particular, we verified that apparent demarcation in Voc, and FF variations, which seemed to appear at different light intensities, originated from the same mechanism of dominance switching between recombination losses.