CBT demonstrated a slight trend at reducing APS at long-term follow-up compared to controls. No interventions were significantly more effective at reducing APS compared to all other interventions in the NMA. [Correction added on 4 June 2018, after first online publication: Some parts of the Abstract section particularly 'Results' and 'Conclusions' have been corrected.].

This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that no treatment significantly improved social functioning in youth at CHR. Future randomized control trials are required that are designed to target and improve social functioning in youth at CHR for psychosis.

No abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) and autism spectrum (ASD) disorders are commonly co-occurring conditions characterized by neurocognitive impairments. Few studies have directly compared neurocognitive profiles in ADHD and ASD and fewer still have controlled for comorbidity of ADHD and ASD. All direct comparisons have been in clinic samples, leaving the question of generalizability of results unaddressed. We compared neurocognitive performance in clinically ascertained ASD (n = 261) and ADHD (n = 423) cases and controls (n = 162), 6.0–17.9 years of age. We also compared ASD (n = 190) and ADHD (n = 926) cases ascertained in the community with controls (n = 14,842) of similar age. Using the stop-signal task (SST), we measured response inhibition (stop-signal reaction time–SSRT), sustained attention (defined as reaction time variability–RTV), and reaction time (RT). We controlled for comorbidity using ADHD and ASD trait scores and categorically-defined ADHD. Compared with controls, both clinic ADHD and ASD had significantly longer SSRT and RTV than controls and did not differ from each other. ADHD traits accounted for neurocognitive impairment in ASD, but not vice versa. There were no group differences for RT. Similar patterns of neurocognitive impairment were observed in the community sample. In the largest direct comparison of ADHD and ASD to date, we found impaired response inhibition and sustained attention in both disorders. However, neurocognitive impairment in ASD was almost completely accounted for by comorbid ADHD. Results generalized in the community sample indicating that referral bias alone did not drive results. Response inhibition and sustained attention likely play a role in ADHD and ASD.

This systematic review and meta-analysis updates evidence pertaining to response inhibition in obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) as measured by the stop-signal task (SST). We conducted a meta-analysis of the literature to compare response inhibition in patients with OCD and healthy controls, metaregressions to determine relative influences of age and sex on response inhibition performance, and a risk of bias assessment for included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), which estimates the latency of the stopping process deficit, was significantly longer in OCD samples than in controls, reflecting inferior inhibitory control (Raw mean difference = 23.43 ms; p = ,.001; 95% CI [17.42, 29.45]). We did not observe differences in mean reaction time (MRT) in OCD compared with controls (Raw mean difference = 2.51 ms; p = .755; 95% CI [À13.27, 18.30]). Reaction time variability (RTSD) was reported in one study only. Age impacted effect size of SSRT, indicating inferior performance in older OCD patients than younger ones. We did not observe a significant effect of sex on SSRT or MRT scores. General Scientific SummaryDifficulty inhibiting responses is an hypothesized deficit in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using the Stop Signal task support the notion of impaired response inhibition in OCD and indicate that older individuals with OCD show greater impairment than younger ones.