Environmental remediation by traditional physicochemical methods has several drawbacks, the most important of which is the high cost. Phytoremediation is the use of plants and associated microorganisms to improve degraded environments, Plant sensitivity to climate, seasonal growing, resistant to toxic compounds and suspended solids are limitations of this cost effective technology. Costs of phytoremediation can be offset by the production of valuable biomass for timber, fuel, essential oils and other uses. In some cases, the biomass may contain high concentrations of valuable trace elements such as nickel. Successful phytoremediation depends on suitable plants selection and application of appropriate agronomic techniques. In most cases, locally native plants are the most suitable phytoremediator for phytoremediation. This review collected 20 phytoremediation related terms containing phytomining,

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In recent years, the need for a safe and modern composite barrier for the prevention of groundwater contamination and the provision of geo-environmental protection has been studied together with the need of designing a low-cost and effective liner for isolating landfill contents from the environment. In this study, various mix designs involving two natural adsorbents, Na-bentonite the pH-adjusted sawdust, were prepared for a series of geo-environmental experiments to be carried out to determine the adsorption capacity, buffering capacity, pH changes, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) changes among others, in the presence of Pb(NO3)2 contaminant concentrations. Generally, the results showed an increase in adsorption capacity in the acidic segment of the treatment. An increase of 58% of the adsorption efficiency of the Na-bentonite in adsorbing the contaminant at the highest concentration was the most important achievement of the system while in the acidic segment.

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Clayey composite liners are appointed in modern landfills to isolate wastes from the environment and minimise the escape of contaminants that are affecting the groundwater and the subsoil. Enhanced compressibility and reduced permeability are considered favourable; however, the ameliorating liners are at risk of losing these properties and thus the ability to contain the contaminant due to changing pH and contaminant contents during the long course of service. This research investigated the change in the mechanical properties, namely, the compression index c c, permeability coefficient K and void ratio–effective stress curve e against log σ′ of bentonite clay treated with chemically modified sawdust contents and laced with various lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) concentrations. The optimum values were simultaneously achieved for c c and K, in the 10% sawdust of pH 10 design, with lead (Pb) concentration <150 cmol/kg soil, and in the 30% sawdust of pH 10 design, with lead concentration between 150 and 250 cmol/kg soil; therefore, these were the optimum designs with best returns in terms of the given geotechnical properties, for the given lead concentrations. In both acidic and alkaline states, K decreased in different lead concentrations, with the introduction of the 10–30% sawdust, which is the range of amount proposed in field applications.