Background: It is astonishing to know that 30% of world population suffers from IDA out of which 80 to 90% is in developing countries. In India, 80% of children at 1 to 2 years of age, adolescents, pregnant women and lactating mothers suffer from Iron deficiency. Nutritional anemia is a worldwide problem with prevalence in developing countries (36%) compared to industrialized (8%). Most of the problems are related to dietary habits from initial age of a child. Girls are more at risk because of menstrual Issues and early age marriage.Methods: The present study was conducted on 300 adolescent girls (10-19 years) by asking their last 24 hours’ dietary habits.Results: Among 300 girls 39% were vegetarians and remaining 61% were non-vegetarians. Maximum girls (78%) were in the frequent habit of consumption of junk foods. Mild anemia (34%) was found to be more common than other forms of anemia. Severity of anaemia was found to be gradually increased from early to late adolescent group.Conclusions: Anaemia noted in 82% despite majority (91.7%) of girls having normal BMI. Anemia was more common in vegetarians than non-vegetarians and among vegetarians more common with predominantly rice based diet (‘r’=0.871). There was increased association on consumption of tea and coffee post meals (r=0.892).

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Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common consequence of perinatal asphyxia, occurring in up to 56% of these neonates. It is important to recognize AKI in asphyxiated neonates to facilitate administration of appropriate fluids and electrolytes to improve their outcome. Objectives: To determine the incidence of AKI in asphyxiated neonates and its correlation with severity of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods: 135 term neonates were enrolled - 90 asphyxiated and 45 healthy neonates. AKI was diagnosed when serum creatinine was >1.5 mg/dl regardless of the rate of urine output (UOP). Neonates with AKI were managed as per standard protocol. Results: Of the 90 asphyxiated neonates, 68 (75.6%) had AKI including 58 (85.3%) neonates with pre-renal AKI and 10 (14.7%) with intrinsic AKI. Out of the 68 AKI, 22 (32.36%) had oliguric AKI and 46 (67.64%) had non-oliguric AKI. Levels of blood urea and serum creatinine were significantly higher in asphyxiated neonates as compared to healthy controls (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in UOP in control and study groups. Sonographic abnormalities were seen mostly in oliguric babies and indicated bad prognosis. Mortality was higher in babies with oliguric AKI. Conclusions: Perinatal asphyxia is an important cause of neonatal AKI. The majority had non-oliguric AKI and responded well to fluid challenge. Abnormalities in the renal function correlate well with the severity of HIE. Intrinsic AKI, oliguria, hyponatremia, reduced creatinine clearance, and abnormal sonographic scan suggest bad prognosis in neonatal AKI secondary to perinatal asphyxia.

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the commonest cause of stroke in children. As it is a rare disease, studies investigating the association with complications like stroke in SCD have small sample sizes. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies exploring an association of genetic variants with stroke to get a better indication of their association with stroke. Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies that had performed an association analysis of genetic variants for the risk of stroke in SCD patients. After screening of eligible studies, summary statistics of association analysis with stroke and other general information were extracted. Meta-analysis was performed using the fixed effect method on the tool METAL and forest plots were plotted using the R program. The random effect model was performed as a sensitivity analysis for loci where significant heterogeneity was observed. Results: 407 studies were identified using the search term and after screening 39 studies that cumulatively analysed 11,780 SCD patients were included. These 39 studies included a total of 2,401 SCD patients with stroke, predominantly included individuals of African ancestry (N=16). Three of these studies performed whole exome sequencing while 35 performed single nucleotide-based genotyping. Though the studies reported association with 109 loci, meta-analyses could be performed only for 12 loci that had data from two or more studies. After meta-analysis we observed that four loci were significantly associated with risk for stroke: -α3.7kb Alpha-thalassemia deletion (P= 0.00000027), rs489347-TEK (P= 0.00081), rs2238432-ADCY9 (P= 0.00085) and rs11853426-ANXA2 (P= 0.0034). Conclusion: Ethnic representation of regions with a high prevalence of SCD like the Mediterranean basin and India needs to be improved for genetic studies on associated complications like stroke. Larger genome-wide collaborative studies on SCD and associated complications including stroke needs to be performed.