No abstract

SummaryWe conducted a randomised exploratory trial in children aged between one and sixteen years old to establish the time to achieve an end-tidal oxygen fraction ≥ 0.9 in three different positions: supine, and 30 and 45°head up. We recruited 120 children analysed in two age groups: 1-8 years and 9-16 years. The median (IQR [range]) time to reach the end point was 80 (59-114 [41-295]) s in the younger group and 150 (107-211 [44-405]) s in the older group, regardless of position (p = 0.0001). The end point was reached in 90% of children in approximately 160 s in the younger, and 271 s in the older, groups, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the three positions within each age group in the time to reach the endpoint (p = 0.59). Only two patients in the older age group could not reach the end point, due to poorly fitting facemasks. We conclude that pre-oxygenation can therefore be achieved effectively in most children, and that tilting children head up by 30 or 45°does not significantly reduce the time taken to achieve an end-tidal oxygen fraction of ≥ 0.9. The recommended period for pre-oxygenation in both groups should remain at 3 min but it should be noted that this may be insufficient for many older patients.

Poverty has been dominantly an economic concept and dealt with income or expenditure in Malaysia. In many parts of the world, widespread support surface for the application of a multidimensional approach to poverty. Yet, in practice the vast majority of empirical work on poverty uses a unidimensional yardstick to judge a person's well-being, usually expenditure or income per capita. While economic well-being, capability, political, and civic/cultural inclusion are integral parts of a multidimensional concept of poverty, a proper operationalization as well as comprehensive conceptualization of poverty based on multidimensional perspective is still lacking in Malaysia. With the introduction of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) this paper aims at bridging the gap between development and national policy from a multidimensional perspective. As a review paper, this study intends develop a coherent framework for measuring multidimensional poverty index in a smaller scale among the poor B40 Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) students. Hence, by understanding the root causes of poverty as well as applying into an academic environment, the study will be able to bridge the gap between student's academic performance with their quality of life from three major components; education, health and standard of living. The methodology of this paper is based solely on document research of secondary data. The findings of this study are envisaged to ascertain to what extent multidimensional poverty index is valid visa -vis the unidimensional measurement approach in the near future for a bigger scale research, both in the state of Penang and other states in Malaysia.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize the severe impact on the abilities of urban poor women such as education skills, entrepreneurship qualities, employment skills, creative abilities and social skills, as they face many challenges like inequitable access to work and unacceptable living conditions influenced by an underlying mind-set in the society driven by gender socialization. Though there have been changes in the way we perceive the abilities of urban poor women from being a homemaker to participating in employment and access to education, one cannot deny that discrimination and bias based on gender socialization still exists in the society. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses secondary data through a systematic review where the inclusion criteria were framed on the basis of relevance, credibility and heterogeneity. However, as this is a concept paper, the study is bereft of empirical data. Findings In most cases, the ability and potential of women, such as educational skills, entrepreneurship qualities, employment skills, creative abilities and social skills, go unnoticed or, more often, not taken into consideration. Predominantly influenced by gender roles, not all abilities and skills are associated with women; this kind of labelling process refers to gender socialization. Ongoing in society for a long time to an extent, it has been accepted consciously or subconsciously by men and women. As a result, urban poor women, in particular, are further deprived of their capabilities, directly affecting their personal growth and economic status. Originality/value Poverty affects men, women, boys and girls, but it is experienced differently by people of different ages, ethnicities, family roles and sex. Moreover, due to women’s biology, social and cultural gender roles and culturally constructed subordination, they are labelled with specific roles dictated by various social agents; This labelling process refers to gender socialization. As a result, capable women with untapped skills, abilities and potential to learn, work, earn, play and develop are ignored or suppressed; hence, they go unnoticed, further intensifying poverty among poor urban women.

Kemiskinan merupakan satu fenomena yang dialami oleh seseorang individu tanpa kerelaan dan kehendak mereka. Kemiskinan boleh dikategorikan kepada dua jenis iaitu material dan bukan material. Miskin material terdiri daripada miskin pendapatan dan bukan pendapatan iaitu pendidikan, akses kepada kesihatan, pekerjaan dan kemudahan awam. Manakala miskin bukan material ialah berkait berkenaan ciri-ciri sahsiah seperti emosi, psikologi dan rohani. Kesemua keadaan yang berlaku ini menyebabkan seseorang yang miskin mengalami kesukaran untuk keluar dari situasi kemiskinan sekiranya tiada tindakan yang dilakukan oleh pihak bertanggungjawab. Pengukuran kemiskinan adalah langkah awal dalam mengenal pasti golongan miskin. Terdapat dua jenis iaitu pengukuran kemiskinan undimensi yang melihat kemiskinan dari sudut pendapatan sahaja dan pengukuran kemiskinan multidimensi yang melihat pada aspek holistik serta kemanusiaan. Terdapat banyak kelemahan pada pengukuran unidimensi kerana ia hanya mengukur kemiskinan dari perspektif pendapatan sahaja. Hal ini sudah tentulah tidak komprehensif dalam pengenalpastian golongan yang miskin. Oleh itu pengukuran kemiskinan multidimensi akan diterokai bagi memahami dengan lebih lanjut seperti perbezaannya dengan pengukuran unidimensi dan mengapakah Indeks Kemiskinan Multidimensi (IKM) adalah pengukur kemiskinan yang paling sesuai lagi berkesan. Kajian ini menggunakan data sekunder sebagai metodologi kajian. Hasil kajian ini dijangka bukan sahaja boleh mengetahui berapa ramai yang miskin dan peratusannya, malahan kita juga boleh mengetahui dimensi penyumbang utama kepada masalah kemiskinan. Melalui pengukuran ini, sesuatu program atau pemberian insentif dapat disalurkan dengan tepat kepada kumpulan sasaran.