The effects of ionic stress on the physiology and gene expression of two rice genotypes (IR4630 and IR15324) that differ in salt tolerance, were investigated by evaluating changes in the biomass, Na + and K + concentrations and applying the cDNA-AFLP technique to highlight changes in gene expression. Over 8 days of salinisation, the effect of NaCl on the reduction of biomass (dry weight) was apparent from 24 h after salinisation (the first time point), indicating that the consequences of the build up of Na + (and Cl -) in the leaves of both lines was rapid. Furthermore, root growth of IR15324 was much more sensitive to salt than that of IR4630 (the reduction in root dry weight compared to nonsalinised plants was three times greater in IR15324 than IR4630). The two rice lines also differed in their Na + accumulation in saline conditions, a difference that was more marked in the shoots, particularly at the final harvest, than in the roots. Under salt stress, the K + content (µmol/shoot) increased over four successive harvests (24, 48, 96, 192 h) in both lines, but was always greater in IR4630 than in IR15324: differences in Na + /K + ratio appear to be an important determinant of salt tolerance in rice. To separate osmotic from ionic effects of salt, mannitol was applied as a non-ionic osmoticum at an osmotic potential estimated to be equivalent to 50 mM NaCl. Messenger RNA was sampled at 0.5, 6, 24, 48 and 192 hours after salinisation. Several products (AFLPbands) were detected, which were upregulated in the response to ionic effects of salt in the tolerant line (IR4630) and not expressed in the sensitive line (IR15324). Bioinformatic analysis indicated three of these AFLP-bands have a high-degree of sequence similarity with the genes encoding a proline rich protein, senescence associated protein and heat-shock protein. The data are novel in that they differentially highlight changes induced by the ionic rather than osmotic effects of salt and in a tolerant rather than a sensitive genotype. The possible roles of the products of these genes are discussed.

The present study was carried out in order to evaluate the promoting effect of a static magnetic field (SMF) on drought tolerance and medicinal properties in Hyssopus officinalis. In the current work, the effect of seed priming with SMF (45, 90, 200, and 250 mT for 5 min) was investigated in 60-day-old hyssop (H. officinalis) plants that were irrigated every 8 days. The assessments consisted of total dry mass, membrane integrity, photosynthetic pigment concentrations, polyphenol content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and antioxidant capacity. Compared with exclusively water stress, magnetopriming, particularly at 200 mT, significantly altered these parameters in the grown plants. At this intensity, the level of total dry mass, total chlorophyll, and polyphenol content increased by 94%, 2.5-and 7.7-fold, respectively. Also, the level of electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde decreased by 35% and 33%. The reducing power, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrozyl), and superoxide anion-scavenging activities were highly augmented as well. Magnetopriming at 200 mT increased catalase (+92%) and ascorbate peroxidase (+2.3-fold) activities. However, the highest activity of guaiacol peroxidase was recorded at 90 mT. Generally, the present study illustrated the positive effect of magnetopriming (200 mT) on improvement of drought tolerance in H. officinalis through protection of cellular membrane integrity, maintenance of photosynthetic pigment content, and alternation of antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, the data showed this treatment (200 mT) not only had no negative effect on medicinal properties of H. officinalis, but also improved it via increasing total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:403-412.

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Salinity damage in rice and other salt-sensitive species is due to excessive transport of NaCl through the root system to the leaves and consequently low salt transport to the shoot can be a major trait determining salt resistance. Since the rapid uptake of sodium ions is such a crucial part of the response of rice to salinity, physiological experiments were carried out to compare bypass flow in two genotypes of rice (IR4630 and IR15324) differing in salt tolerance, because it has been suggested that an apoplastic pathway, bypass flow, is a major contributory pathway for Na + entrance into rice plants. Experiments on the youngest fully expanded photosynthetic leaf (the third from the base), using PTS as a tracer for apoplastic movement and Philaenus spumarius (a xylem-feeding insect) as a means to sample the xylem sap, did not demonstrate any apparent difference in bypass flow between the two lines. The similarity of Na + concentration in the xylem sap of both genotypes paralleled the results of PTS (a fluorescent dye used as an apoplastic tracer for the transpiration stream) measurements. Despite the similarity of Na + concentration in the xylem sap of the third leaves, the Na + concentration in the bulk of these leaves of IR15324 plants (the sensitive line) was about twice that of IR4630 (the tolerant line). Measurements of transpiration over 8 d of salinisation showed the similarity of rates in both lines providing evidence that the greater accumulation of NaCl in IR15324 than in IR4630 plants was unlikely to be due to a difference in the delivery of salt to the leaves by an apoplastic route. Results of the current work suggest that the difference in salt tolerance might be a consequence of damage to leaves 1 and 2 of IR15324 that allowed Na + to leak into the phloem -and consequently move to leaf 3. Key words: bypass flow, Na + transport, Oryza sativa, Philaenus spumarius, salt stress, xylem concentration A análise da seiva do xilema revela novos fatos sobre a tolerância a sais em genótipos de arroz: Danos por salinidade em arroz e em outras espécies sensíveis ao estresse salino são devidos ao transporte excessivo de NaCl, desde o sistema radicular até as folhas; assim, baixo transporte de sais para os ramos pode ser uma característica importante na determinação da resistência salina. Uma vez que a absorção rápida dos íons sódio é uma parte crucial da resposta do arroz à salinidade, conduziram-se experimentos para comparar-se o fluxo (apoplástico) pelo desvio (bypass flow) de dois genótipos de arroz (IR4630 e IR15324) diferindo na tolerância salina, visto ser esse fluxo uma das principais rotas pelas quais o Na + entra nas raízes de arroz. Experimentos com as folhas mais jovens completamente expandidas (terceira a partir do ápice), usando-se o PTS (um corante fluorescente como um traçador apoplástico para a corrente transpiratória) e o inseto Philaenus spumarius para amostragens da seiva do xilema, não demonstraram qualquer diferença aparente no chamado fluxo pelo desvio entre os dois genótipos. A similarida...