IntroductionInsulin resistance has been suggested as one of the known metabolic disorders during cachexia. This study hypothesized that cachexia in cancer patients might be due to insulin resistance as early as cachexia development. MethodThis study was performed on 46 patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancer. Anthropometric characteristics and biochemical markers were assessed at baseline, second month, and third month. Insulin resistance was assessed using the HOMA IR method. SFQ-36 questions were used to assess the patients' quality of life at baseline, second and third months.ResultsPatients' anthropometric characteristic was significantly associated between pre-cachectic and non-pre-cachectic patients in the third month. Cholesterol (P-value: 0.93), albumin (P-value: 0.82), and serum creatinine (P-value: 0.88) in pre-cachectic patients decreased over three months. There was an increasing trend of insulin resistance between pre-cachectic and non-pre-cachectic patients in the third month. Cholesterol had an upward trend with a significant relation in cachectic patients [(P-value: 0.00), (P-value: 0.03), (P-value: 0.01)]. We detected a decreasing trend of insulin resistance between cachectic and non-cachectic patients from the second to the third month (Pvalue= 0.04). SFQ evaluation had no significant relation with cachectic status.ConclusionSignificant relation between anthropometric variables with pre-cachexia and cachectic conditions was concluded. Patients' outcome and its relation with insulin resistance (age of 30≤, and above 30≥) demonstrated a significant relation between the cachectic and non-cachectic patients in the third month. We also detected the increased serum cholesterol level in cachectic patients, moreover, higher cholesterol levels in expired cachectic patients than in the living.

Objective : Previous Diffusion Tensor imaging (DTI) studies have revealed microstructural alterations in white matter (WM) tracts among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although ADHD can persist into adulthood in more than half of the diagnosed children, few studies have investigated the WM tracts in adults with ADHD. In this study, the emphasis is placed on the adult population with regard to WM abnormalities. Method : Using the UCLA Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics (CNP) dataset, we compared the microstructural indices of tracts of interest between ADHD subjects and healthy controls. Results: In the ADHD group, both fractional anisotropy (FA) and generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) were lower than the control group in Right Cingulum Rarolfactory, Corpus Callosum (CC) Forceps Major, and Right Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus1 (SLF1). Diffusivity indices, including mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD), were increased in widespread WM tracts. However, only RD and FA in CC Forceps Major remained significantly different between two groups after correction for multiple analysis. Interestingly, our analysis found increased NQA in all tracts of interest, except for the left fornix. Conclusion : This study revealed several WM abnormalities in certain tracts of the limbic system, SLF1 and, most noticeably, CC in adults with ADHD. These findings, along with the finding of altered NQA, suggest the need for further study to determine the neurophysiological basis of the disease.