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Fouling of maritime infrastructure is pervasive due to abundant biological and chemical activity within the oceanic environment. Marine biofilms and their successional growths are prevalent issues in biofouling, but current industrial and research-based analyses often do not provide a holistic view of the fouling biodiversity. Cathodic protection is a longstanding system safeguarding infrastructure from the corrosive marine environment, but limited studies on interactions between biological growth and cathodic activity have been conducted in the context of marine fouling. This review identifies knowledge gaps in the understanding of marine fouling and highlights approaches to better direct development of effective anti-fouling measures.

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The astronomical number of individual microorganisms that exist on Earth provides an immeasurable trove from which potential microbial-based solutions can be drawn upon to drive the development of sustainable industries. However, there is little information documenting the spectrum of global microbial biodiversity and how human activity has impacted the taxonomic and functional diversity of microbial communities. Here, we discuss how promoting microbial innovation can encourage environmental, social, and corporate governance investments towards protecting global biodiversity for all life whilst meeting the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

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